Dietary intake of fish, omega-3, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D and the prevalence of psychotic-like symptoms in a cohort of 33 000 women from the general population

Table 3 Relative risk of positive psychotic-like symptoms in relation to estimated dietary intake of fatty acids

Dietary intake g/day·MJ		Positive psychotic-like symptoms ^a
Median	Interquintile range	Low level group		Middle level group					High level group
					Energy adjusted		Multivariate^b			Energy adjusted		Multivariate^b
Marine fatty acids^c		No.		No.	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	No.	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI
0.016	(0.00-0.02)	4478	Ref.	3637					237
0.030	(0.02-0.04)	4606		3587	0.94	0.89-1.00	0.97 ^d	0.91-1.03	177	0.71	0.58-0.87	0.75 ^d	0.61-0.92
0.050	(0.04-0.06)	4733		3538	0.91	0.86-0.97	0.96 ^d	0.90-1.02	176	0.69	0.57-0.85	0.76 ^d	0.61-0.93
0.070	(0.06-0.80)	4594		3633	1.00	0.94-1.06	1.05 ^d	0.98-1.13	227	0.96	0.80-1.16	1.05 ^d	0.85-1.29
Omega-6 fatty acids ^e
0.6	(0.1-0.7)	4408	Ref.	3712					261
0.7	(0.6-0.8)	4709		3513	0.88	0.82-0.93	0.88 ^f	0.83-0.94	182	0.64	0.53-0.78	0.67 ^f	0.55-0.82
0.8	(0.7-0.8)	4670		3582	0.90	0.85-0.96	0.91 ^f	0.86-0.97	173	0.62	0.51-0.75	0.66 ^f	0.54-0.81
0.9	(0.9-2.1)	4624		3588	0.92	0.86-0.98	0.93 ^f	0.86-0.99	201	0.73	0.60-0.88	0.78 ^f	0.64-0.97
Omega-3 fatty acids ^g
0.14	(0.02-0.17)	4444	Ref.	3663					252
0.18	(0.17-0.20)	4613		3628	0.95	0.89-1.01	0.98 ^b	0.92-1.04	175	0.66	0.54-0.81	0.73 ^h	0.60-0.89
0.21	(0.20-0.22)	4736		3512	0.90	0.84-0.96	0.95 ^b	0.89-1.01	176	0.66	0.53-0.80	0.76 ^h	0.62-0.94
0.26	(0.22-0.93)	4618		3592	0.96	0.90-1.02	1.02 ^b	0.95-1.09	214	0.83	0.69-1.00	1.00 ^h	0.82-1.23

^a Participants categorized into levels of psychotic-like symptoms; low, middle, high (see methods section)
^b In the multivariate analysis presented, we initially tested the effects of adjusting also for BMI, level of education, country of birth, smoking, dietary intake of meat, dairy products, fruits, cereals and refined sugar, rheumatoid arthritis, gluten intolerance, diabetes and multivitamin supplement. However, none of these covariates change the estimates substantially, and was therefore not included in the final multivariate model
^c Sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid
^d Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vitamin B12, alcohol and dietary intake of fat other than eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid
^e Sum of arachidonic and linoleic acids
^f Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vitamin B12, alcohol and dietary intake of other than omega-6 fatty acids
^g Sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid
^hAdjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vitamin B12, alcohol and dietary intake of other than omega-3 fatty acids