Table 2 Teacher outcome variables for intervention and control groups
From: Mental health first aid training for high school teachers: a cluster randomized trial
| Â | Intervention group | Control group | Mean diff./OR for pre vs post by intervention interaction (95% CI) | Mean diff./OR for pre vs follow-up by intervention interaction (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Pre | Post | Follow-up | Pre | Post | Follow-up | Â | Â |
Mental Health Knowledge | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Knowledge quiz: mean (SD) | 11.14 (3.57) | 13.07 (3.30) | 12.68 (3.44) | 11.26 (3.07) | 11.11 (3.58) | 10.76 (3.89) | 2.08 (1.38-2.78)*** | 1.79 (1.06-2.52)*** |
Recognition of depression % | 81.8 | 86.1 | 92.9 | 80.6 | 85.9 | 83.8 | 0.98 (0.27-3.56) | 3.09 (0.77-12.43) |
Beliefs about treatment for depression: mean (SD) | 8.22 (2.39) | 8.85 (2.54) | 8.86 (2.39) | 7.91 (2.44) | 7.84 (2.74) | 7.92 (2.46) | 0.79 (0.23-1.34)** | 0.73 (0.15-1.31)* |
Personal Stigma Items: % Strongly Disagree | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Could snap out of it | 32.1 | 40.1 | 37.3 | 31.1 | 29.6 | 26.4 | 2.12 (0.76-5.90) | 2.59 (0.87-7.69) |
Personal weakness | 53.9 | 54.4 | 55.4 | 63.2 | 49.0 | 54.0 | 3.07 (1.16-8.14)* | 2.47 (0.91-6.76) |
Not real illness: % | 45.0 | 47.1 | 48.7 | 43.4 | 37.8 | 34.5 | 1.70 (0.67-4.32) | 2.50 (0.94-6.66) |
People with that problem are dangerous | 35.6 | 37.7 | 38.0 | 35.2 | 34.7 | 33.3 | 1.05 (0.39-2.82) | 1.60 (0.57-4.45) |
Best to avoid people with that problem | 72.3 | 62.0 | 66.0 | 68.9 | 62.2 | 59.8 | 0.75 (0.30-1.89) | 1.17 (0.45-3.03) |
People with that problem are unpredictable | 8.1 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 14.2 | 10.4 | 11.5 | 3.54 (0.88-14.17) | 3.36 (0.82-13.83) |
If they had problem they would not tell anyone | 25.0 | 31.4 | 26.4 | 28.3 | 18.6 | 16.1 | 3.79 (1.34-10.71)* | 3.42 (1.13-10.32)* |
Perceived Stigma Items: % ≥ Agree |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other people think could snap out of it | 64.6 | 57.0 | 57.2 | 64.8 | 59.8 | 54.7 | 0.88 (0.34-2.26) | 1.24 (0.47-3.33) |
Other people believe a sign of personal weakness | 52.7 | 52.9 | 56.0 | 58.5 | 56.7 | 45.9 | 1.10 (0.42-2.87) | 3.01 (1.10-8.23)* |
Other people believe not real illness | 62.4 | 55.8 | 59.8 | 60.4 | 55.7 | 57.0 | 0.86 (0.37-2.02) | 1.07 (0.44-2.60) |
Other people believe they are dangerous | 19.1 | 25.0 | 25.2 | 26.4 | 20.6 | 22.1 | 2.75 (0.98-7.66) | 2.05 (0.72-5.85) |
Other people would avoid people with that problem | 23.6 | 29.7 | 28.9 | 27.4 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 2.42 (0.85-6.87) | 1.90 (0.65-5.54) |
Other people believe they are unpredictable | 53.6 | 50.6 | 51.6 | 45.2 | 46.9 | 45.4 | 0.72 (0.31-1.68) | 0.95 (0.40-2.28) |
Other people would not tell anyone | 61.4 | 59.1 | 51.6 | 67.6 | 51.6 | 52.9 | 2.57 (1.04-6.35)* | 1.32 (0.52-3.36) |
Intended Helping Behaviours Towards Students | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Contact the family: % ≥ often | 38.2 | 41.8 | 44.0 | 36.2 | 37.5 | 35.3 | 1.28 (0.47-3.48) | 1.46 (0.52-4.13) |
Discuss with another teacher: % ≥ often | 72.3 | 80.1 | 73.4 | 69.5 | 62.9 | 60.7 | 3.73 (1.31-10.62)* | 2.46 (0.86-7.05) |
Discuss with counsellors: % ≥ often | 82.3 | 87.1 | 86.6 | 81.9 | 74.5 | 75.9 | 3.87 (1.21-12.41)* | 2.98 (0.90-9.91) |
Discuss with member of administration: % ≥ often | 37.7 | 39.2 | 40.8 | 42.9 | 39.8 | 47.1 | 1.36 (0.52-3.60) | 0.99 (0.37-2.68) |
Have conversation with student: % ≥ often | 68.6 | 72.5 | 70.3 | 61.0 | 58.2 | 49.4 | 2.06 (0.75-5.68) | 3.16 (1.10-9.06)* |
Talk with peers of student: % ≥ often | 18.2 | 22.2 | 21.0 | 13.6 | 9.2 | 12.6 | 3.24 (0.91-11.54) | 1.70 (0.49-5.94) |
Do nothing: % never | 65.5 | 66.1 | 66.5 | 69.5 | 65.0 | 61.6 | 1.95 (0.70-5.48) | 2.37 (0.82-6.81) |
Help Given Towards Students: % ≥ Occasionally |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spoken with students about their mental health problems | 52.1 | 52.1 | 54.8 | 53.3 | 51.0 | 47.7 | 1.34 (0.48-3.75) | 1.73 (0.59-5.08) |
Discussed a students' mental health problems with other teachers | 67.9 | 72.4 | 66.2 | 70.5 | 68.4 | 58.1 | 1.87 (0.67-5.22) | 1.91 (0.68-5.41) |
Mental health issues raised in staff meetings | 57.9 | 50.3 | 47.1 | 62.1 | 52.6 | 47.7 | 1.26 (0.51-3.07) | 1.22 (0.48-3.08) |
Confidence in Helping Students and Staff with Mental Health Problems: % ≥ Quite a Bit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Confidence to talk with students about mental health problems | 19.0 | 32.6 | 34.2 | 20.8 | 20.4 | 17.4 | 8.09 (1.89-34.63)** | 7.02 (1.65-29.79)** |
Confidence in helping a colleague with mental health problem | 16.4 | 25.0 | 32.3 | 20.8 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 7.22 (1.84-28.4)** | 11.65 (2.87-47.32)*** |
School Policies on Student Mental Health | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Review curriculum options/classroom practices: % ≥ often | 54.3 | 56.7 | 58.0 | 59.1 | 48.5 | 41.9 | 2.22 (0.93-5.26) | 3.76 (1.51-9.34)** |
Review/changes school policy: % ≥ often | 18.6 | 24.1 | 21.2 | 20.4 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 3.20 (1.12-9.14)* | 2.44 (0.82-7.26) |
Improve the relationships within the school: % ≥ often | 65.6 | 69.4 | 68.2 | 71.4 | 61.2 | 58.1 | 3.09 (1.12-8.52)* | 3.26 (1.14-9.27)* |
School has written policy to deal with students with mental health problems: % yes | 10.1 | 22.7 | 28.5 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 4.57 (1.28-16.26)* | 7.28 (1.92-27.54)** |
Policy been implemented in the last month: % ≥ occasionally | 9.8 | 14.2 | 17.8 | 13.4 | 7.0 | 11.3 | 7.23 (0.85-61.37) | 13.30 (1.32-133.44)* |
Interacting with Colleagues: % ≥ Occasionally |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Talked with staff member about their mental health problem | 39.1 | 38.0 | 38.3 | 38.4 | 38.1 | 36.1 | 0.88 (0.35-2.22) | 0.93 (0.35-2.45) |
Talk about own mental health problem with a staff member | 35.8 | 39.4 | 38.2 | 37.1 | 34.7 | 34.5 | 1.49 (0.58-3.82) | 1.23 (0.46-3.29) |
Seeking Additional Mental Health Information: % ≥ Occasionally |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Visit any websites giving information about mental health | 21.8 | 23.5 | 26.8 | 21.0 | 19.6 | 17.2 | 1.29 (0.42-3.91) | 1.81 (0.56-5.79) |
Read books or other written material bout mental health problems | 43.9 | 49.1 | 39.9 | 38.1 | 38.8 | 35.6 | 1.30 (0.51-3.34) | 0.85 (0.31-2.31) |
Teacher Mental Health | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
K6 6-24 (severe psychological distress) % | 29.8 | 34.3 | 25.8 | 25.5 | 22.1 | 25.3 | 2.41 (0.77-7.49) | 0.66 (0.20-2.13) |
K6 3-24 (medium-high psychological distress) % | 63.5 | 59.2 | 58.9 | 58.8 | 55.8 | 59.0 | 0.96 (0.34-2.70) | 0.61 (0.20-1.85) |