Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

Phillips, Christopher J; LeardMann, Cynthia A; Gumbs, Gia R; Smith, Besa

doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-52

BMC Psychiatry

Table 2 Univariate Prevalence and Unadjusted Odds Ratios of PTSD Following Deployment among United States Marine Corps Health Assessment Project Participants, by Demographic and Exposure Characteristics

From: Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

	Study population			PTSD^a
	N	n	%	OR^b	(95% CI)^b
Overall	706	76	10.8
Baseline characteristics
Age, years
17-20	553	58	10.5	1.00
21-31	153	18	11.8	1.14	(0.65-2.00)
Education
High school or less	528	60	11.4	1.00
More than high school	178	16	9.0	0.77	(0.43-1.38)
Race/ethnicity
White non-Hispanic	474	44	9.3	1.00
Hispanic	166	19	11.4	1.26	(0.72-2.23)
Other	66	13	19.7	2.40	(1.21-4.74)
Adverse Childhood Experiences
0	353	33	9.3	1.00
1	244	24	9.8	1.05	(0.61-1.84)
2-7	109	19	17.4	2.05	(1.11-3.77)
Prior Violence Exposures
0	407	31	7.6	1.00
1	179	24	13.4	1.88	(1.07-3.30)
2-7	120	21	17.5	2.57	(1.42-4.67)
Potential problem drinking
No	62	6	9.7	1.00
Yes	644	70	10.9	0.88	(0.37-2.11)
Number of close friends/relatives
0-2	203	26	12.8	1.13	(0.64-1.98)
3-4	261	30	11.5	1.00
5 or more	242	20	8.3	0.69	(0.38-1.26)
Follow-up and deployment characteristics
Number of close friends/relatives
0-2	202	41	20.3	2.20	(1.27-3.82)
3-4	222	23	10.4	1.00
5 or more	282	12	4.3	0.38	(0.19-0.79)
Enlisted pay grade
Junior enlisted (E1-E3)	334	48	14.4	2.08	(1.26-3.33)
Noncommissioned officer (E4-E5)	372	28	7.5	1.00
Number of deployments
1	433	34	7.9	1.00
2	273	42	15.4	2.13	(1.32-3.45)
Length of last deployment
1-120 days	211	29	13.7	1.00
121-240 days	441	42	9.5	0.66	(0.40-1.09)
>240 days	54	5	9.3	0.64	(0.24-1.74)
Cumulative length of deployments^c
31-120 days	136	12	8.8	1.00
121-240 days	308	29	9.4	1.07	(0.53-2.17)
241-360 days	172	23	13.4	1.60	(0.76-3.33)
>360 days	90	12	13.3	1.59	(0.68-3.72)
Gap time^d
0 days	257	28	10.9	1.00
1-180 days	222	18	8.1	0.72	(0.39-1.34)
>180 days	257	30	13.2	1.25	(0.72-2.16)
Discharged a weapon
No	386	21	5.4	1.00
Yes	320	55	17.2	3.61	(2.13-6.11)
Shot or seriously injured
No	665	61	9.2	1.00
Yes	41	15	36.6	5.71	(2.87-11.36)
Felt in great danger of being killed
Never/once/few times	399	17	4.3	1.00
Often/very often	307	59	19.2	5.35	(3.05-9.38)
Personally saw someone wounded, killed, or dead
No	248	9	3.6	1.00
Yes	458	67	14.6	4.55	(2.23-9.29)
Believed you were exposed to any chemical, biological, or radiological warfare agents
No/don't know	683	71	10.4	1.00
Yes	23	5	21.7	2.39	(0.86-6.65)
Entered or closely inspected destroyed military vehicles
No	320	21	6.6	1.00
Yes	386	55	14.2	2.37	(1.40-4.01)
Number of Combat Exposures Types
0	145	4	2.8	1.00
1-3	379	29	7.7	2.92	(1.01-8.48)
4-6	182	43	2.4	10.90	(3.80-31.3)

Note. PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; OR, odds ratio; CI confidence interval; PCL-C, PTSD Patient Checklist-Civilian Version; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4^th ed.
^aPosttraumatic stress disorder based on PTSD Patient Checklist-Civilian Version with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria and a sum of 50 points out of 85 points possible on the follow-up questionnaire.
^bUnadjusted odds ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals.
^cCumulative number of days deployed for all deployments that occurred between baseline and follow-up surveys.
^dDeployment occurred between baseline and follow-up in support of OEF/OIF operations.

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ISSN: 1471-244X

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