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Table 3 Potential risk factors of a poor outcome in depression at T1: multilevel univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.

From: The course of untreated anxiety and depression, and determinants of poor one-year outcome: a one-year cohort study

 

Univariate

Multivariate

 

β

SE

Variance at GP-level (SE)

β

SE

Variance at GP-level (SE)

Predisposing characteristics

      

Male gender

-.87

1.46

.00 (.00)

-.61

1.17

 

Age

      

   1. 18-35

ref

  

ref

  

   2. 36-50

1.08

1.74

 

-1.61

1.54

 

   3. 51-65

4.44

1.70

.00 (.00)

2.07

1.64

 

Education

      

   1. Basic

ref

  

ref

  

   2. Intermediate

-5.65*

2.53

 

-1.93

2.07

 

   3. High

-8.16**

2.63

.00 (.00)

-3.23

2.24

 

Born outside the Netherlands

4.30*

1.97

.00 (.00)

1.57

1.60

 

Marital status

      

   Never married

-1.70

1.46

 

.08

1.59

 

   Currently married

ref

  

ref

  

   Formerly married

-.27

1.83

.00 (.00)

-1.69

1.62

 

Household composition - alone

.11

1.38

.00 (.00)

-.79

1.44

 

Loneliness (range 0-10)

.89***

.17

.00 (.00)

.39*

.16

 

Social support (range 0-22)

-.36**

.14

1.11 (4.83)

-.02

.12

 

Enabling factors

      

Income in euro's p.m.

      

   < € 2.400,-

ref

  

ref

  

   > € 2.400,-

-2.79*

1.38

.00 (.00)

-1.16

1.31

 

Employment status - unemployed

4.77***

1.34

.00 (.00)

.26

1.18

 

Need factors

      

Perceived need for care

      

   1. No need for care - no perceived mental problem

-8.00*

3.97

 

2.71

3.20

 

   2. No need for care - a perceived mental problem

-1.43

2.47

 

2.00

2.07

 

   3. Need for care - unmet

3.05

1.62

 

1.55

1.31

 

   4. Need for care - met

ref

 

.00 (.00)

ref

  

Recurrent depressive disorder

-1.52

1.32

.00 (.00)

.79

1.07

 

Recency

      

   <6 months

ref

  

ref

  

   6 - 12 months

1.01

2.98

 

-.68

2.34

 

   >12 months

-1.54

1.46

.00 (.00)

-.72

1.18

 

Comorbid anxiety and depressive disorder

8.23***

1.29

.00 (.01)

2.95*

1.18

 

Number of somatic diseases

1.78**

.54

.00 (.00)

.23

.49

 

Severity of depression T0 (IDS; range 0-84)

.63***

.05

3.16 (3.71)

.53***

.05

 
      

2.59 (3.29)

  1. * p < .05 **p < .01 *** p < .001