|  | total | men | women | statistics | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | N | % | mean (sd) | median | N | % | mean (sd) | median | N | % | mean (sd) | median | χ 2/Z | P |
sociodemographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
total n | Â | 1037 | 100 | Â | Â | 693 | 100 | Â | Â | 344 | 100 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
age (in years) | Â | Â | Â | 39.52 (12.56) | 39.05 | Â | Â | 37.57 (11.97) | 36.67 | Â | Â | 43.46 (12.80) | 42.85 | Z = -6.980 | < 0.001* |
education (in years) | Â | Â | Â | 11.94 (3.37) | 12.00 | Â | Â | 11.71 (3.34) | 12.00 | Â | Â | 12.42 (3.39) | 12.00 | Z = -2.714 | 0.007* |
ethnicity: | caucasian | 992 | 95.66 | Â | Â | 661 | 95.38 | Â | Â | 331 | 96.20 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | african | 7 | 0.68 |  |  | 6 | 0.87 |  |  | 1 | 0.30 |  |  |  |  |
 | mixed | 10 | 0.96 |  |  | 7 | 1.01 |  |  | 3 | 0.90 |  |  | χ2 = 1.202 | 0.753 |
 | unknown | 28 | 2.70 |  |  | 19 | 2.74 |  |  | 9 | 2.60 |  |  |  |  |
native tongue: | German | 902 | 86.98 | Â | Â | 591 | 85.71 | Â | Â | 311 | 90.67 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | bi-lingual German | 46 | 4.44 |  |  | 38 | 4.33 |  |  | 8 | 1.46 |  |  | χ2 = 6.899 | 0.032* |
 | other | 89 | 8.58 |  |  | 64 | 9.96 |  |  | 25 | 7.87 |  |  |  |  |
marital status: | single | 748 | 72.13 | Â | Â | 575 | 82.97 | Â | Â | 173 | 50.44 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | married | 129 | 12.44 |  |  | 48 | 6.93 |  |  | 81 | 23.32 |  |  |  |  |
 | divorced | 124 | 11.96 |  |  | 57 | 8.23 |  |  | 67 | 19.53 |  |  | χ2 = 121.516 | < 0.001* |
 | widowed | 13 | 1.25 |  |  | 3 | 0.43 |  |  | 10 | 2.92 |  |  |  |  |
 | unknown | 23 | 2.22 |  |  | 10 | 1.44 |  |  | 13 | 3.79 |  |  |  |  |
living situation: | alone | 292 | 28.16 | Â | Â | 201 | 29.00 | Â | Â | 91 | 26.45 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | alone with children | 17 | 1.64 |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  | 17 | 4.94 |  |  |  |  |
 | with partner (± children) | 137 | 13.20 |  |  | 50 | 7.22 |  |  | 87 | 25.29 |  |  |  |  |
 | With parents | 157 | 15.14 |  |  | 121 | 17.46 |  |  | 36 | 10.47 |  |  |  |  |
 | with others (family members, friends) | 71 | 6.85 |  |  | 53 | 7.65 |  |  | 18 | 5.23 |  |  | χ2 = 116.823 | < 0.001* |
 | sheltered home | 282 | 27.19 |  |  | 212 | 30.59 |  |  | 70 | 20.35 |  |  |  |  |
 | forensic hospital | 54 | 5.21 |  |  | 43 | 6.20 |  |  | 11 | 3.20 |  |  |  |  |
 | homeless | 4 | 0.39 |  |  | 4 | 0.58 |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |
 | unknown | 23 | 2.22 |  |  | 9 | 1.30 |  |  | 14 | 4.07 |  |  |  |  |
clinical picture | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
diagnosis: | classical schizophrenias schizoaffective disorders | 852 185 | 82.16 17.84 |  |  | 615 78 | 88.74 11.26 |  |  | 237 107 | 68.90 31.10 |  |  | χ2= 61.794 | < 0.001* |
age of onset of first psychotic episode | Â | Â | Â | 25.75 (8.81) | 23.00 | Â | Â | 24.49 (7.71) | 22.00 | Â | Â | 28.28 (10.23) | 26.00 | Z = -5.705 | < 0.001* |
duration of disease (in years) | Â | Â | Â | 13.23 (10.71) | 10.87 | Â | Â | 12.57 (10.38) | 10.16 | Â | Â | 14.54 (11.24) | 13.02 | Z = -2.600 | 0.009* |
hospitalization (number of inpatient stays) | Â | Â | Â | 8.60 (9.76) | 6.00 | Â | Â | 8.49 (9.95) | 5.00 | Â | Â | 8.83 (9.38) | 6.00 | Z = -0.727 | 0.467 |
chlorpromazine equivalents | Â | Â | Â | 687.36 (696.85) | 499.98 | Â | Â | 706.67 (668.43) | 520.00 | Â | Â | 648.35 (750.50) | 450.00 | Z = -2.428 | 0. 015* |
PANSSa: | positive symptoms | Â | Â | 13.76 (6.32) | 12.00 | Â | Â | 13.94 (6.16) | 12.00 | Â | Â | 13.92 (6.64) | 12.00 | Z = -0.130 | 0.990 |
 | negative symptoms |  |  | 18.23 (7.85) | 17.00 |  |  | 18.14 (7.57) | 17.00 |  |  | 18.11 (8.44) | 17.00 | 0.886 | 0.376 |
 | general psychiatric symptoms |  |  | 33.73 (11.83) | 32.00 |  |  | 33.37 (11.31) | 32.00 |  |  | 34.50 (12.81) | 33.00 | -0.886 | 0.376 |
 | total score |  |  | 65.64 (23.40) | 63.00 |  |  | 65.32 (22.41) | 63.00 |  |  | 66.31 (25.37) | 62.00 | -0.025 | 0.980 |
Clinical Global Impression scaleb | Â | Â | Â | 5.57 | 6.00 | Â | Â | 5.57 (1.03) | 6.00 | Â | Â | 5.57 (1.18) | 6.00 | Z = -0.121 | 0.894 |
Global Assessment of Functioningc | Â | Â | Â | 45.76 (0.68) | 45.00 | Â | Â | 45.60 (16.30) | 45.00 | Â | Â | 46.09 (19.11) | 45.00 | Z = -0.323 | 0.747 |
global quality of life d | Â | Â | Â | 5.41 (2.37) | 5.00 | Â | Â | 5.43 (2.31) | 5.00 | Â | Â | 5.38 (2.49) | 5.00 | Z = -0.378 | 0.705 |
Brief Symptom Inventory e: | general severity index | Â | Â | 0.88 (0.68) | 0.71 | Â | Â | 0.87 (0.66) | 0.71 | Â | Â | 0.92 (0.72) | 0.71 | Z = -0.687 | 0.492 |
State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory f : | state anxiety | Â | Â | 43.54 (10.89) | 43.00 | Â | Â | 43.48 (10.45) | 43.00 | Â | Â | 43.65 (11.79) | 43.00 | Z = -0.121 | 0.904 |
 | trait anxiety |  |  | 44.96 (11.34) | 45.00 |  |  | 44.67 (11.09) | 45.00 |  |  | 45.56 (11.82) | 46.00 | -0.983 | 0.326 |
Toronto Alexithymia Scale g | Â | Â | Â | 2.59 (0.56) | 2.61 | Â | Â | 2.58 (0.54) | 2.55 | Â | Â | 2.60 (0.60) | 2.66 | Z = -0.607 | 0.544 |