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Table 1 Characteristics, lifestyle and antipsychotic treatment in total participants and four groups

From: Is antipsychotic polypharmacy associated with metabolic syndrome even after adjustment for lifestyle effects?: a cross-sectional study

 

Total (n = 334)

Normal (n = 158)

visceral fat obesity (n = 41)

pre-metabolic (n = 61)

Metabolic (n = 74)

p

Characteristics

      

Age, mean (SD), y

44.2 (12.3)

43.5 (13.2)

42.4 (11.4)

43.4 (12.2)

47.2 (10.6)

0.11

Female, % (n)

42.8 (143)

62.7 (99)

22.0 (9)

21.3 (13)

29.7% (22)

<0.01

GAF, mean (SD)

53.5 (15.3)

54.6 (15.0)

51.3 (15.5)

53.3 (15.6)

52.5 (15.6)

0.58

Family history, % (n)

48.8 (163)

48.7 (77)

48.8 (20)

44.3 (27)

52.7 (39)

0.81

Duration of psychiatric treatment, mean (SD), y

18.2 (12.1)

16.8 (12.2)

18.7 (11.8)

17.2 (11.3)

21.5 (12.1)

0.04

Lifestyle

      

Snacks eating, % (n)

     

0.39

1 = never

12.9 (43)

13.3 (21)

9.8 (4)

13.1 (8)

13.5 (10)

 

2 = rarely

26.9 (90)

28.5 (45)

24.4 (10)

27.9 (17)

24.3 (18)

 

3 = sometimes

40.7 (136)

39.2 (62)

31.7 (13)

41.0 (25)

48.6 (36)

 

4 = always

19.5 (65)

19.0 (30)

34.1 (14)

18.0 (11)

13.5 (10)

 

Fatty foods, % (n)

     

0.18

1 = never

2.4 (8)

5.1 (8)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

 

2 = rarely

21.6 (72)

23.4 (37)

17.1 (7)

23.0 (14)

18.9 (14)

 

3 = sometimes

59.0 (197)

57.0 (90)

65.9 (27)

59.0 (36)

59.5 (44)

 

4 = always

17.1 (57)

14.6 (23)

17.1 (7)

18.0 (11)

21.6 (16)

 

High salt diet, % (n)

     

0.77

1 = never

4.5 (15)

3.2 (5)

1.6 (1)

1.6 (1)

10.8 (8)

 

2 = rarely

20.1 (67)

22.2 (35)

19.5 (8)

19.7 (12)

16.2 (12)

 

3 = sometimes

42.2 (141)

43.0 (68)

36.6 (15)

50.8 (31)

36.5 (27)

 

4 = always

33.2 (111)

31.6 (50)

41.5 (17)

27.9 (17)

36.5 (27)

 

Consumption of soft drink, % (n)

     

0.16

1 = never

11.1 (37)

13.3 (21)

9.8 (4)

11.5 (7)

6.8 (5)

 

2 = rarely

21.6 (72)

26.6 (42)

29.3 (12)

9.8 (6)

16.2 (12)

 

3 = sometimes

41.9 (140)

36.7 (58)

29.3 (12)

49.2 (30)

54.1 (40)

 

4 = always

25.4 (85)

23.4 (37)

31.7 (13)

29.5 (18)

23.0 (17)

 

Smoking habit, per day, % (n)

     

<0.01

1 = 21 or more

18.6 (62)

13.9 (22)

7.3 (3)

24.6 (15)

29.7 (22)

 

2 = 6 to 20

21.6 (72)

17.7 (28)

26.8 (11)

24.6 (15)

24.3 (18)

 

3 = 1 to 5

3.9 (13)

5.1 (8)

2.4 (1)

3.3 (2)

2.7 (2)

 

4 = none

56.0 (187)

63.3 (100)

63.4 (26)

47.5 (29)

43.2 (32)

 

Physical activity, mean (SD), Ex

22.4 (37.3)

21.0 (38.1)

17.9 (19.5)

30.0 (51.9)

21.7 (27.3)

0.34

Antipsychotic treatment

      

Total daily dose, mean (SD), mg/d

596.6 (453.4)

510.3 (419.6)

769.2 (437.6)

668.4 (452.3)

626.2 (497.9)

<0.01

Antipsychotics contraindicated for diabetes, % (n)

35.0 (117)

62.7 (99)

65.9 (27)

63.9 (39)

56.8 (42)

0.74

Antipsychotic polypharmacy, % (n)

50.0 (167)

40.5 (64)

61.0 (25)

63.9 (39)

52.7 (39)

0.01

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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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