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Table 3 Baseline Characteristics by Sustained Favorable Long-Term Outcome (N = 1635)

From: Sustained favorable long-term outcome in the treatment of schizophrenia: a 3-year prospective observational study

 

SUSTAINED FAVORABLE LONG-TERM OUTCOME

 

Yes

n = 157

No

n = 1478

Univariate

p value

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS

   

Age, mean (sd)

42.09 (10.61)

42.31 (11.00)

.8182

Male, n (%)

77 (49.0)

924 (62.5)

.0010

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

   

   Caucasian

86 (54.8)

800 (54.1)

.7398

   African-American

61 (38.9)

538 (37.8)

 

   Other

10 (6.4)

120 (8.1)

 

Single marital status, n (%)

142 (91.0)

1324 (90.2)

.7380

High school education or less, n (%)

43 (27.6)

508 (34.6)

.0774

Employed, n (%)

66 (42.0)

271 (18.4)

<.0001

Lack of health insurance, n (%)

20 (12.7)

78 (5.3)

.0002

Family history, n (%)

80 (55.2)

776 (56.7)

.7198

Supervised housing, n (%)

24 (15.3)

483 (33.2)

<.0001

DISEASE-RELATED AND SYMPTOMS

   

Age at illness onset, mean (sd)

21.50 (9.33)

19.97 (8.70)

.0446

Depression, mean (sd)

2.01 (0.88)

2.41 (1.01)

<.0001

MADRS total score, mean (sd)

9.89 (8.79)

14.68 (10.26)

<.0001

PANSS positive (symptoma), mean (sd)

14.89 (5.10)

18.84 (6.08)

<.0001

PANSS negative (symptoma), mean (sd)

14.10 (5.00)

18.72 (6.18)

<.0001

PANSS hostility (symptoma), mean (sd)

8.52 (3.40)

10.99 (3.63)

<.0001

PANSS disorganized (symptoma), mean (sd)

11.36 (3.51)

13.92 (4.52)

<.0001

PANSS anxiety/depression (symptoma), mean (sd)

9.02 (2.93)

10.71 (3.41)

<.0001

Remission (PANSS), n (%)

66 (43.1)

293 (20.0)

<.0001

PANSS total score, mean (sd)

57.79 (15.54)

72.58 (18.22)

<.0001

PANSS Bell factor, mean (sd)

11.22 (4.32)

13.78 (5.01)

<.0001

Psychosis, mean (sd)

1.63 (0.84)

2.01 (1.05)

<.0001

Vitality, mean (sd)

3.55 (1.17)

3.19 (1.29)

.0008

FUNCTIONING/BEHAVIORS

   

Daily activities, mean (sd)

3.95 (0.95)

3.30 (1.21)

<.0001

Leisure activities, mean (sd)

3.18 (0.97)

2.64 (1.19)

<.0001

Social activities, mean (sd)

2.96 (0.98)

2.62 (1.06)

.0001

Social relationships, mean (sd)

3.17 (1.10)

2.82 (1.23)

.0005

Arrestedc, n (%)

4 (2.5)

79 (5.4)

.1268

Violence, n (%)

   

   No thought of injuring anyone

152 (96.8)

1372 (93.1)

.0358

   Thoughts of injuring someone

0

60 (4.1)

 

   Have injured someone

5 (3.2)

42 (2.8)

 

Victim of a crime, n (%)

8 (5.1)

166 (11.3)

.0170

Suicide thought/attempt, n (%)

18 (11.5)

249 (16.9)

.0789

Substance use, n (%)

44 (28.0)

386 (26.2)

.6262

Received helped with shopping, n (%)

59 (37.6)

840 (57.1)

<.0001

Received helped with leisure, n (%)

28 (17.8)

478 (32.5)

.0002

Received helped with household chores, n (%)

70 (44.6)

790 (53.6)

.0309

Received helped with paying bills, n (%)

77 (49.0)

899 (61.1)

.0035

Received helped with job search, n (%)

29 (18.5)

246 (16.8)

.5940

Received helped with getting benefits, n (%)

39 (25.2)

472 (32.1)

.0782

Received helped with legal issues, n (%)

11 (7.1)

142 (9.7)

.3046

General life satisfaction, mean (sd)

5.02 (1.47)

4.53 (1.59)

.0002

Satisfaction with basic needs, mean (sd)

5.23 (1.04)

4.71 (1.12)

<.0001

Satisfaction with social life, mean (sd)

5.08 (0.85)

4.57 (1.05)

<.0001

SF 12-Mental Health, mean (sd)

45.22 (12.44)

40.45 (13.34)

<.0001

SF 12-Physical Health, mean (sd)

47.70 (11.29)

45.17 (12.99)

.0192

Occupational role functioning (QLS 9), mean (sd)

3.15 (1.88)

1.76 (1.73)

<.0001

Level of accomplishment (QLS 10), mean (sd)

3.86 (1.61)

2.23 (1.77)

<.0001

Mean QLS total, mean (sd)

3.71 (1.06)

2.74 (1.01)

<.0001

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), mean (sd)

52.59 (13.74)

40.48 (12.09)

<.0001

Overall impression of general health

(good/very good/excellent), n (%)

116 (73.9)

885 (60.2)

.0008

Productivity, n (%)

138 (87.9)

916 (62.1)

<.0001

MEDICATION ADHERENCE

   

Medication possession ratio < .80, n (%)

21 (13.9)

140 (9.9)

.1274

Non-adherence, n (%)

6 (3.9)

110 (7.6)

.0909

MEDICATION-EMERGENT EVENTS

   

AIMS total, mean (sd)

2.28 (3.16)

3.52 (4.20)

.0005

Simpson-Angus totald, mean (sd)

2.93 (3.41)

4.61 (4.20)

<.0001

Patient-reported clearer thoughts from medication, mean (sd)

3.74 (1.19)

3.22 (1.35)

<.0001

Medication effects, mean (sd)

1.83 (0.63)

2.07 (0.75)

.0001

Restlessness, mean (sd)

1.68 (1.13)

1.87 (1.17)

.0533

Tardive dyskinesia, n (%)

33 (22.1)

489 (34.3)

.0027

CONCOMITANT MEDICATION

   

Mood stabilizers, n (%)

35 (22.7)

469 (32.3)

.0145

Antidepressants, n (%)

58 (37.7)

573 (39.5)

.6541

Antiparkinsonians, n (%)

64 (41.6)

672 (46.3)

.2571

Anti-anxiety medications, n (%)

12 (7.8)

171 (11.8)

.1376

HEALTHCARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION

   

Emergency service use b (acute care service), n (%)

11 (7.0)

174 (11.8)

.0711

Psychiatric hospitalization (acute care service) (past 4 weeks), n (%)

7 (4.5)

134 (9.1)

.0494

Number of hospitalizations (6 months), mean (sd)

0.13 (0.36)

0.31 (0.66)

.0010

Total number of days hospitalized (6 months), mean (sd)

2.29 (13.84)

5.82 (21.58)

.0453

Psychiatric hospitalizations (1-year), n (%)

34 (21.8)

509 (34.8)

.0011

Crisis call

2 (1.3)

73 (5.0)

.0362

Case Management d, n (%)

5 (50.0)

190 (68.6)

.2158

Individual therapy, n (%)

139 (89.1)

1378 (94.1)

.0145

  1. Abbreviations: AIMS = Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; MADRS = Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; n = number of patients; PANSS = positive and negative syndrome scale; QLS = Quality of Life Scale; sd = standard deviation; SF = short form.
  2. a PANSS factors per Marder et al. (1997) [29]
  3. b Emergency use was both patient reported for the past 4 weeks and from the past 6 months recorded in the medical record.
  4. c The variation inflation factor for the arrested measure was greater than 10 and therefore not included in the stepwise logistic regression model.
  5. d Measure was not included in the stepwise logistic regression due to missing data.
  6. NOTE: The univariate comparison of baseline characteristics for patients with and without sustained favorable long-term outcome over the 2-year postbaseline period.