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Table 2 Vulnerability factors for delinquency.

From: The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records

Vulnerability factors

N = 541

Non-convicted

N = 410

Convicted

N = 131

Unadjusted

Adjusted

  

N (%)/Mean(SD)

N (%)/Mean (SD)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Mental health (ICD-10)

     

Conduct disorder (F91)

45

20 (44)

25 (56)

3.2 (2.0-4.9)***

2.0 (1.2-3.4)*

Disturbance of activity and attention/ADHD (F90.0)

40

29 (73)

11 (27)

1.2 (0.7-2.2)

-″

Hyperkinetic conduct disorder (F90.1)

46

21 (46)

25 (54)

3.4 (2.2-5.2)***

2.7 (1.6-4.4)***

Mixed disorder of conduct and emotions (F92)

78

52 (67)

26 (33)

1.6 (1.1-2.5)*

ns

Emotional disorder

(F30, F40, F50, F93, F94.0)

121

96 (79)

25 (21)

0.8 (0.5-1.2)

-″

Attachment disorder

(F94.1, F94.2)

20

12 (60)

8 (40)

1.9 (0.9-3.9)

-″

PDD (F84)

110

103 (94)

7 (6)

0.2 (0.1-0.4)***

0.4 (0.2-0.9)*

Mental retardation only (F70)

29

28 (97)

1 (3)

0.1 (0.0-0.9)*

â–«

Residual disorders (F06, F20, F95, F98.0, F98.1, F98.5)

33

30 (91)

3 (9)

0.3 (0.1-1.0)

-″

Z - group diagnoses

19

19 (100)

0

0.1 (0.0-3.4)

-″

Sociodemographic variables

     

Male gender

366

252 (69)

114 (31)

3. 8 (2.3-6.3)***

3.6 (2.1-6.1)***

Chronic family difficulties scale

 

3.8 (SD 1.4)

4.5 (SD 1.4)

1.4 (1.2-1.6)***

1.3 (1.1-1.5)**

Cognitive level/CGAS

     

Mental retardation

170Δ

155 (91)

15 (9)

0.2 (0.1-0.4)***

0.4 (0.3-0.8)**

CGAS

 

40.9 (SD 12.2)

41.9 (SD 6.2)

1.0 (0.99-1.02)

-″

  1. Prevalence of several vulnerability factors, and Relative Risk (Hazard ratio) estimated by univariate and multivariate Cox Regression for the study population of convicted (n = 131) and not convicted (n = 410) during the follow-up period. Significant Relative Risk are given in bold (* p < 0. 05, ** p <0. 01, *** p <0. 001). Variables obtaining a p-value < 0.05 in the unadjusted analyses were entered into the adjusted analysis.
  2. -″ = The variable was not entered into the multivariate analyses (p > 0.05).
  3. ns = non significant
  4. â–« = The variable was not entered into the multivariate analysis because of overlapping construct with the MR variable.
  5. Δ = Includes those with mental retardation only.