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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of discrimination measures and possible confounders with PANSS positive and depression/anxiety symptoms

From: Perceived discrimination is associated with severity of positive and depression/anxiety symptoms in immigrants with psychosis: a cross-sectional study

 

N

Positive symptoms

Depression/anxiety symptoms

Variables

yes/no

Yes

No

t-testdf88

r

Yes

No

t-testdf88

r

Schizophrenia spectrum

44/46

11.89 ± 4.4

8.57 ± 3.9

-3.813**

.377**

17.82 ± 5.2

15.93 ± 5.4

ns

.177

Bipolar disorder

23/67

6.78 ± 3.8

11.36 ± 4.0

4.762**

-.453**

14.83 ± 5.2

17.55 ± 5.2

2.157*

-.224*

Major depression/other psychosis

23/67

10.35 ± 3.2

10.13 ± 4.8

ns

.021

17.04 ± 5.4

16.79 ± 5.4

ns

.021

Substance abuse/dependency

24/66

11.33 ± 4.3

9.77 ± 4.5

ns

.157

18.08 ± 5.7

16.41 ± 5.2

ns

.140

European

24/66

7.63 ± 3.5

11.12 ± 4.4

3.512**

-.351**

14.92 ± 3.9

17.56 ± 5.6

2.119*

-.220*

Asian including Turkish

42/48

10.81 ± 4.4

9.65 ± 10.8

nsA

.132

17.33 ± 5.8

16.44 ± 5.0

ns

.084

African

19/71

12.63 ± 3.8

9.54 ± 4.4

-2.806*

.287*

19.05 ± 5.3

16.27 ± 5.2

-2.057*

.214*

First generation immigrants

59/31

10.42 ± 4.6

9.74 ± 4.1

ns

-.073

17.49 ± 5.1

15.65 ± 5.7

ns

-.165

Male

50/40

10.92 ± 4.2

9.28 ± 4.6

ns

-.185

17.18 ± 5.4

16.45 ± 5.3

ns

-.068

Employed/Student

25/65

8.4 ± 3.5

10.88 ± 4.6

2.439*

-.252*

14.32 ± 3.9

17.83 ± 5.5

2.911**

-.296**

Age

    

.053

   

.123

Education

    

-.309**

   

-.177

Perceived discrimination

    

.264*

   

.282*

Denial of resources

35/54

12 ± 4.5

9.13 ± 4.0

-3.148**

.320**

18.34 ± 5.1

15.87 ± 5.4

-2.168*

.226*

  1. For categorical variables means ± SD are presented, * p < .05, ** p < .005,
  2. A One-way ANOVA of symptom variation between European, African and Asian immigrants using post-hoc Bonferroni shows significant variance between Asian and European immigrants at 0.01 level (F = 8.7702/82, p < .001)
  3. Schizophrenia spectrum includes DSM-IV diagnoses schizophrenia, schizoaffective- and schizophreniform disorder.