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Table 3 Associations between disaster-related factors and symptoms of distress at waves 2 and 3 a

From: Disaster exposure as a risk factor for mental health problems, eighteen months, four and ten years post-disaster – a longitudinal study

 

Symptoms of distress at wave 2

Symptoms of distress at wave 3

 

Model 1:

Model 2:

Model 1:

Model 2:

Model 3:

 

disaster-related factors

Disaster-related factors and symptoms distress and PTSD at wave 1

Disaster-related factors

Disaster-related factors and symptoms distress and PTSD at wave 1

Disaster-related factors and symptoms of distress and PTSD at waves 1 and 2

 

B

SE

P

B

SE

P

B

SE

P

B

SE

P

B

SE

P

Intercept

113.33

7.39

< .001

47.77

8.48

< .001

102.95

7.23

< .001

46.02

7.54

< .01

14.05

6.47

n.s.

House destroyed

12.62

4.24

< .05

2.63

3.73

n.s.

10.70

4.81

n.s.

2.04

4.45

n.s.

−0.22

2.97

n.s.

Injury self

17.16

7.37

n.s.

11.41

6.41

n.s.

16.39

6.44

< .05

11.37

5.82

n.s.

3.34

4.90

n.s.

Lost a loved one

10.15

7.42

n.s.

5.28

6.87

n.s.

10.61

6.93

n.s.

6.20

6.69

n.s.

2.50

4.63

n.s.

Witnessed injured victims

4.13

4.14

n.s.

3.25

3.65

n.s.

6.18

4.25

n.s.

5.46

4.01

n.s.

2.88

2.74

n.s.

Witnessed deceased victims

−2.96

5.15

n.s.

−7.13

4.72

n.s.

−11.08

5.98

n.s.

−14.93

5.62

< .05

−10.26

5.15

n.s.

Heard yelling individuals

3.72

4.01

n.s.

0.82

3.43

n.s.

5.61

3.95

n.s.

2.99

3.41

n.s.

2.4

3.00

n.s.

Felt heart palpitations

8.01

3.92

n.s.

−1.20

3.43

n.s.

6.08

4.08

n.s.

−2.16

3.59

n.s.

−1.51

2.82

n.s.

Felt intense anxiety

4.16

4.00

n.s.

1.04

3.52

n.s.

4.70

3.8

n.s.

1.77

3.46

n.s.

1.15

2.74

n.s.

Fled from explosions/ fire

−5.71

3.66

n.s.

−0.81

3.13

n.s.

−3.55

3.92

n.s.

0.72

3.60

n.s.

1.45

2.93

n.s.

Helped affected victims

2.49

3.4

n.s.

1.78

2.91

n.s.

4.60

3.43

n.s.

3.77

3.18

n.s.

2.41

2.50

n.s.

Felt feelings of guilt or shame

16.86

6.85

n.s.

−3.41

6.23

n.s.

22.40

6.56

< .05

4.76

6.00

n.s.

6.68

4.10

n.s.

Confusion

17.21

3.93

<.001

−5.15

3.88

n.s.

9.28

4.4

n.s.

−10.66

4.02

< .05

−6.90

3.65

n.s.

Symptoms of distress at wave 1

   

0.60

0.05

< .001

   

0.51

0.04

< .01

0.08

0.05

n.s.

Symptoms of PTSD at wave 1

   

−0.11

0.12

n.s.

   

0.004

0.12

n.s.

0.05

0.01

n.s.

Symptoms of distress at wave 2

            

0.70

0.05

< .01

Symptoms of PTSD at wave 2

            

0.12

0.13

n.s.

  1. a Multiple regression analysis, adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, employment status, educational level, smoking/non-smoking and number of chronic diseases. N.s. = not significant.
  2. Model 1, wave 2: Pooled R-Squared = 0.318, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.266, 0.37].
  3. Model 2, wave 2: Pooled R-Squared = 0.518, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.477, 0.557].
  4. Model 1, wave 3: Pooled R-Squared = 0.326, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.278,0.374].
  5. Model 2, wave 3: Pooled R-Squared = 0.47, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.423, 0.515].
  6. Model 3, wave 3: Pooled R-Squared = 0.708, Pooled R-Squared C.I. = [0.66, 0.754].
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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