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Table 2 Multivariable linear regression of combined, male-only, and female-only models for individuals completing household survey in the rural Central Plateau of Haiti May – June 2011, with scores on locally-adapted Beck Depression Inventory as linear outcome

From: Depression, suicidal ideation, and associated factors: a cross-sectional study in rural Haiti

Covariates

Combined

Males only

Females only

 

(N = 395a)

(N = 205b)

(N = 198c)

 

aβ (95% CI)d

aβ (95% CI)d

aβ (95% CI)d

Age

0.14 (0.06, 0.22)†

0.11 (.030, 0.20)*

0.18 (0.07, 0.29)*

Female gender

2.1 (0.18, 4.0)*

n/a

n/a

SES scale

n.s.

n.s.

−1.5 (−2.6, -0.39)*

Endorsed suicidal ideation

11.1 (7.3, 14.9)†

14.0 (9.2, 18.9)†

7.7 (1.9, 13.4)*

Travels over 1 hour to doctor

2.4 (0.52, 4.2)*

n.s.

n.s.

Last time sick went to hospital

n.s.

−5.0 (−8.6, -1.4)*

n.s.

Months without enough food (3 month intervals)

1.1 (0.04, 2.1)*

2.0 (0.57, 3.4)*

n.s.

Had death in family

2.7 (0.57, 4.9)*

3.8 (1.0, 6.6)*

3.8 (0.72, 6.9)*

Ever had life-threatening illness

2.6 (0.77, 4.5)*

3.1 (0.67, 5.6)*

3.6 (0.74, 6.5)*

Someone in household has stress / sad heart / sadness

2.6 (0.58, 4.7)*

n.s.

4.1 (1.1, 7.0)*

Had more people come live in their house after earthquake

2.6 (0.74, 4.5)*

3.8 (1.4, 6.2)*

n.s.

Family member died in earthquake

n.s.

n.s.

3.5 (0.59, 6.4)*

Spirits cause stress, sadness

4.9 (1.6, 8.1)*

n.s.

5.9 (1.5, 10.3)*

Disasters cause stress, sadness

4.8 (2.8, 6.8)†

7.8 (5.2, 10.4)†

n.s.

Distance to work e

   

Travels over 1 hr to work

8.0 (5.1, 10.8)†

12.2 (8.3, 16.1)†

6.8 (2.7, 11.0)†

Travels 1 hr or less to work

5.9 (3.5, 8.2)†

7.8 (5.2, 10.4)†

3.3 (0.02, 6.5)*

Does not work

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

Education f

   

More than primary school

3.2 (−0.94, 7.3)

n.s

7.7 (2.0, 13.4)*

Finished primary school

2.9 (0.37, 5.5)*

n.s

4.8 (0.73, 8.8)*

Some primary school

3.1 (0.31, 5.9)*

n.s

4.7 (0.19, 9.1)*

No formal schooling

(reference)

n.s

(reference)

Marital Status g

   

Widowed

2.0 (−2.6, 6.6)

n.s

n.s

Divorced

7.5 (0.70, 14.4)*

n.s

n.s

Cohabitating

−1.1 (−4.1, 1.8)

n.s

n.s

Married

−3.0 (−6.2, 0.09)

n.s

n.s

Single

(reference)

n.s

n.s

  1. *P <; .05 (T 1 ).
  2. † P <; .001(T 1 ).
  3. n.s. = Eliminated through backward selection for given model.
  4. a Of 408 total respondents, excludes 1 with missing data for education, 1 with missing data for distance to work, 3 with missing data for household mental illness, 1 with missing data for months without food, 5 with missing data for time to doctor, 1 with missing data for age, and 1 with missing data for education and marital status.
  5. b Of 206 total males, excludes 1 with missing data for distance to work.
  6. c Of 202 total females, excludes 2 with missing data for education, 1 with missing data for household mental illness, and 1 with missing data for age.
  7. d Variables considered for inclusion: age, gender, marital status, education, religion, distance to and type of work, distance to and type of water, care seeking behavior, household size, SES, trauma related to earthquake, general trauma, reported household mental illness, number of children, months without enough food, stigma towards mental illness, explanatory models of distress, alcohol use, care and household help, opinions on mental illness causation, and endorsing suicidal ideation.
  8. e Construct p-values for distance to work were p <; .001 (combined), p <; .001 (males only), and p = .005 (females only).
  9. f Construct p-values for education were p = .035 (combined), non-significant (males only), and p = .012 (females only).
  10. g Construct p-values for marital status were p = .002 (combined), non-significant (males only), non-significant (females-only).