Table 1 Overview of the 21 Studies
From: A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia
Sex | Outcome (%) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors | Diagnosis | Period of Diagnosis | N | Dropout N (%) | Age at onset (yrs.) | Female | Male | Duration of follow-up (yrs.) | Outcome criteria | Original outcome ratings | Good | Moderate | Poor |
N (%) | N (%) | ||||||||||||
Hassan et.al (2011) | SZ, psychosis NOS | 2003-2010 | 37 | 14 (27) | Mean = 12.2 | 23 (62) | 14 (38) | Mean =3.2 | CGAS: Good: ≥ 70 | 27.0 | 48.7 | 24.3 | |
Moderate 40-70 | |||||||||||||
Poor: ≤ 40 and partial or no remission. | |||||||||||||
Ledda et al. (2009) | SZ | 1992-2002 | 15 | 2 (12) | Mean = 15.1 | 9 (53)* | 8 (47)* | 5 | GAF* | 11.8 | 60.0 | 27.6 | |
Reichert et al. (2008) | SZ & SZ-AFF | 1990-2000 | 27 | 59 (80) | Mean = 15.5 | 8 (30) | 19 (70) | Mean = 13.4 | Employment | 3,7% university study | 22.2 | 51.8 | 25.9 |
18,6% regular work | |||||||||||||
48,1 sheltered work | |||||||||||||
25,9% unable to work | |||||||||||||
3,7% unemployed | |||||||||||||
Remschmidt et al. (2007) | SZ | 1920-1961 | 38 | 0 (0) | 5-14 | 23 (61) | 15 (39) | Mean = 42 | GAS: | 5.8 | 23.7 | 60.5 | |
Good >71 | |||||||||||||
Moderate: 41-70 | |||||||||||||
Poor: <40 | |||||||||||||
Fleischhaker et al. (2005) | SZ | 1983-1988 | 81 | 20 (20) | 11-18 | 36 (44) | 45 (56) | 4-11 | GAF: | 19.80 | 38.20 | 42.00 | |
Poor: <40 | |||||||||||||
Moderate: 41-70 | |||||||||||||
Good >71 | |||||||||||||
Helgeland et al. (2005) | SZ | 1963-1978 | 9 | N.A | 13-17 | 1 (11) | 8 (89) | Mean = 28,1 | Social disability (medication, means of income, living situation) | All on antipsychotic medication at follow-up, all on disablement benefits, none living in an ordinary home | 0,00 | 0.0 | 100.00 |
Röpcke et al. (2005) | SZ, SZ-AFF, schizo-phreni-form disorder | 1979-1988 | 39 | 16 (29) | Mean = 16 | 19 (49) | 20 (51) | 10.2-21.2 | GAS: | 21.00 | 28.00 | 51.00 | |
Good >60 | |||||||||||||
Moderate: 51-60 | |||||||||||||
Poor: <51 | |||||||||||||
Jarbin (2003a) | SZ | 1982-1993 | 30 | 58 (66) | 11.8 - 18.7 | 11 (37) | 19 (63) | 5.1-18.2 | GAF (or employment if GAF not available) | 79% very poor | 3.00 | 0.00 | 97.00 |
18% poor | |||||||||||||
3% good | |||||||||||||
Hollis, (2000b) | SZ | 1973-1991 | 51 | 17 (25) | Mean = 14.0 | 22 (43) | 29 (57) | 4-22 | Remission at follow-up | 12.00 | 40.00 | 48.00 | |
Lay et al. (2000) | SZ & SZ-AFF (ICD-9) | 1976-1987 | 65 | 31 (32) | 11,5-17,9 | 38 (59) | 27 (41) | 10 | Social disability (DAS-scale and global evaluation on a 6-points scale) | 12,5% no dysfunction, | 20.00 | 44.00 | 36.00 |
7,8% minimum, | |||||||||||||
14,1% obvious, | |||||||||||||
29,7% serious, | |||||||||||||
31,3% very serious, | |||||||||||||
4,7% maximum dysfunction | |||||||||||||
McClellan et al. (1999) | SZ | 11 | 7 (39) | 11-16 | 3 (27) | 8 (73) | 2 | Course of illness and description of impairment | 0.0 | 9.00 | 91.00 | ||
Aarkrog (1999) | SZ, SZ-AFF | 1968-1976 | 28 | N.A. | 12-20 (M = 16.8) | 7 (25) | 21 (75) | 17-26 | GAS | 3.6 | 17.9 | 78.5 | |
Eggers et al. (1997) | SZ (DSM-III-R) | 1925-1961 | 44 | 27 (38) | 6-14 | 25 (57) | 19 (43) | Mean = 42 | Social disability (Eggers social scale) | 1-2: Good remission GAS >70 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 50.00 |
3-4: Moderate remission < GAS 51 | |||||||||||||
5-6: Poor remission - < GAS 40 | |||||||||||||
Maziade et al. (1996) | SZ (DSM-III-R) | 1968-1990 | 40 | 37 (48) | 10-17 | 13 (33) | 28 (67) | 14.8 | GAS | 5.00 | 15.00 | 80.00 | |
Werry et al. (1994) | SZ, Schizo-phreni-form disorder | 1968-1990 | 53 | 41 (36) | 7-17 | 22 (42) | 31 (58) | 4.3 | Living situation | 20.7 | 17.00 | 62.30 | |
Rund 1994 | SZ (ICD-9) | 1980-1990 | 24 | 0 (0) | 13,1-17,9 (Mean = 16) | 8 (33) | 16 (67) | 2 | GAS | 0 | 21.0 | 79.0 | |
Cawthron et al., 1994 | SZ (ICD-9) | 1975-1986 | 9 | 10 (53) | 14-18 | - | - | 2-13 | Adult Personality Functioning Assessment | Seven (78%) continuously ill. None of these employed or married; extremely poor social functioning. The two recovered patients (22%) were ill for only 2% of the follow-up period. | 22.00 | 0.00 | 78.00 |
Asarnow et al. (1994) | SZ | 1980-? | 18 | 3 (14) | 6-11,3 | 5 (24) | 13 (76) | 2-7 | CGAS | 28% good outcome CGAS >60, 28% | 28.00 | 28.00 | 44.00 |
>60 = good | |||||||||||||
51-60 = moderate | |||||||||||||
moderate improvement CGAS 51–60, 28% | |||||||||||||
<51 = poor | |||||||||||||
minimal improvement CGAS <51, 17% deteriorating CGAS <41 | |||||||||||||
Gillberg et al. (1993) | SZ (DSM-III / ICD 9) | Born 1960–1982. | 23 | 0 (0) | 13-19 | 9 (39) | 14 (61) | 11-17 | Overall register data outcome | 13% overall possibly good | 13.00 | 9.00 | 78.00 |
9% intermediate outcome | |||||||||||||
78% extremely poor | |||||||||||||
Krausz et al. (1993) | SZ, mood disorders, psychoses (PSE) | 1972-1978 | 55 | 6 (10) | 14-18 | 28 (51) | 27 (49) | 11-16 | Mental and social handicaps rated according to Brown (1966), | 20% inpatient, 26% | 29.6 | 18.5 | 51.9 |
seriously handicapped | |||||||||||||
16% handicapped but employed | |||||||||||||
26% not handicapped | |||||||||||||
12% no findings | |||||||||||||
Inoue et al. (1986) | EOS and acute psychotic episode (DSM-III) | 1971-1981 | 19 | N.A. | 10-17 | 9 (47) | 10 (53) | 3 | Ability to work | 47% unable to work | 16.00 | 37.00 | 47.00 |
16% limited work ability | |||||||||||||
21% working at a lower level than previously, 16% working as before | |||||||||||||