Table 1 Frequency of psychosocial difficulties (PSDs) associated with schizophrenia identified in the literature a
From: Disability and schizophrenia: a systematic review of experienced psychosocial difficulties
PSD category (ICF code) | Papers in which a PSD category was assessed n (%) |
|---|---|
Mental functions | Â |
Cognitive functions | 28 (26.9) |
âin general (b1) | 14 (13.5) |
âattention (b140) | 11 (10.6) |
âmemory (b144) | 8 (7.7) |
âthought functions (b160) | 8 (7.7) |
âinsight (b1644) | 6 (5.8) |
âexecutive functions (b164) | 5 (4.8) |
âlanguage (b167) | 3 (2.9) |
Emotional functions | 28 (26.9) |
âdepression (b1522) | 16 (15.4) |
âanxiety (b152) | 14 (13.5) |
âanhedonia (b1520) | 5 (4.8) |
âhostility (b1522) | 5 (4.8) |
âflat affect (b1522) | 4 (3.8) |
âdysphoria (b1522) | 2 (1.9) |
âfeelings of stress (b152) | 2 (1.9) |
âin general (b152) | 2 (1.9) |
âmania (b152) | 2 (1.9) |
âanger (b152) | 1 (1.0) |
âemotional regulation (b1521) | 1 (1.0) |
âemotional withdrawal (b152) | 1 (1.0) |
Energy and drive | 16 (15.4) |
âmotivation (b1301) | 7 (6.7) |
âlibido (b1308) | 4 (3.8) |
âappetite (b1302) | 3 (2.9) |
âfatigue (b1300) | 3 (2.9) |
âvitality (b1300) | 3 (2.9) |
âapathy (b130) | 2 (1.9) |
Psychomotor functions (b147) | 11 (10.6) |
Sleep | 10 (9.6) |
âinsomnia (b1340) | 8 (7.7) |
âsomnolence (b1340) | 7 (6.7) |
Global psychosocial functions | 9 (8.7) |
âemotional perception (b122) | 6 (5.8) |
âsocial cognition (b122) | 5 (4.8) |
Sensory functions and pain | Â |
Pain (b280) | 11 (10.6) |
Activities and participation | Â |
Relationships with others | 32 (30.8) |
âin general (d7) | 19 (18.3) |
âfamily relationships (d760) | 7 (6.7) |
âaggressive behaviour (d7202) | 5 (4.8) |
âinappropriate behaviour (d7202 + d7203) | 5 (4.8) |
âintimate relationships (d770) | 5 (4.8) |
ârelationships with acquaintances (d7502) | 3 (2.9) |
ârelationships with health professionals (d7408) | 2 (1.9) |
âbehaviour at work (d740) | 1 (1.0) |
ârelationships with peers and colleagues (d7504) | 1 (1.0) |
Employment | 21 (20.2) |
âin general (d850) | 19 (18.3) |
âwork efficiency (d850) | 1 (1.0) |
âkeeping employment (d8451) | 1 (1.0) |
âobtaining employment (d845) | 1 (1.0) |
Looking after onesâ health | 12 (11.5) |
âtreatment adherence (d5702) | 11 (10.6) |
âin general (d570) | 1 (1.0) |
Participating in social activities (d9) | 11 (10.6) |
Self-care | 11 (10.6) |
âin general (d5) | 10 (9.6) |
âpersonal hygiene and appearance (d598) | 1 (1.0) |
Communication (d3) | 7 (6.7) |
Doing housework (d640) | 6 (5.8) |
Leisure activites (d920) | 5 (4.8) |
Global scores or global concepts closely related to PSDs | Â |
Psychopathological symptoms b | 55 (52.9) |
ânegative symptoms | 39 (37.5) |
âpositive symptoms | 39 (37.5) |
âglobal intensity of symptoms | 37 (35.6) |
âgeneral psychopathology | 18 (17.3) |
Disability and functioning | 38 (36.5) |
âglobal disability or global functioning | 26 (25.0) |
âsocial functioning | 18 (17.3) |
Quality of life and wellbeing | 24 (23.1) |
âquality of life | 14 (13.5) |
âwellbeing | 8 (7.7) |
âsatisfaction in general | 5 (4.8) |
Health status | 12 (11.5) |
âphysical health | 9 (8.7) |
âgeneral health | 6 (5.8) |
âpsychological health | 5 (4.8) |
âmental health | 3 (2.9) |
Activities of daily living (ADL) | 5 (4.8) |
Other variables | Â |
Skills | 11 (10.6) |
âsocial skills | 8 (7.7) |
âgeneral interpersonal skills | 4 (3.8) |
âwork skills | 2 (1.9) |
âin general | 2 (1.9) |
âcommunication skills | 1 (1.0) |
Attitude towards treatment | 5 (4.8) |
Dependency | 5 (4.8) |
âin general | 3 (2.9) |
âliving independently | 2 (1.9) |
Self-perception | 5 (4.8) |
âself-esteem | 3 (2.9) |
âself-image | 1 (1.0) |
âself-recognition | 1 (1.0) |