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Table 1 The characteristics of the study participants.

From: Elevated levels of serum IL-5 are associated with an increased likelihood of major depressive disorder

 

MDD

Controls

  
 

n = 58

n = 58

Statistics*

p-value

Age

53.40 ± 1.22

53.21 ± 1.20

t = -0.011

0.912a

Female, n (%)

40 (69.0)

40 (69.0)

χ2 = 0.00

1.000b

Married or living with a partner, n (%)

48 (82.5)

55 (94.8)

χ2 = 5.25

0.039b

Daily smoking, n (%)

18 (31.0)

4 (6.9)

χ2 = 10.99

0.001b

Alcohol use, ≥ 2 times per week (%)

9 (15.5)

10 (17.2)

χ2 = 0.06

0.802b

Asthma, n (%)

3 (5.2)

5 (8.6)

χ2 = 0.537

0.464b

BMI (kg/m2)

27.24 ± 0.86

27.13 ± 0.65

Z = -0.04

0.967c

HAM-D-21

12.00 ± 0.73

2.98 ± 0.36

Z = -8.00

< 0.001c

ADS

2.84 ± 0.43

0.59 ± 0.13

Z = -4.04

< 0.001c

HAM-D-29

14.84 ± 0.99

3.57 ± 0.41

Z = -7.86

< 0.001c

BDI

17.68 ± 0.97

3.55 ± 0.41

Z = -8.77

< 0.001c

Use of NSAIDs, n (%)

7 (12.1)

1 (1.7)

--

0.061d

Use of oral corticosteroids, n (%)

5 (8.6)

3 (5.2)

--

0.717d

Use of antidepressants, n (%)

22 (37.9)

4 (6.9)

χ2 = 16.06

< 0.001b

IL-5 (pg/ml)

0.81 ± 0.13

0.54 ± 0.08

Z = -1.87

0.061c

IL-13 (pg/ml)

7.51 ± 6.05

0.89 ± 0.22

Z = -0.60

0.549c

IFN-γ (pg/ml)

12.03 ± 5.96

3.03 ± 0.91

Z = -0.43

0.664c

IFN-γ/IL-5 ratio

6.97 ± 1.99

24.69 ± 11.16

Z = -0.39

0.697c

  1. Values are means ± standard errors unless otherwise stated.
  2. a Student's t-test; b Chi-squared test; c Mann-Whitney U-test; d Fisher's exact test; * Where applicable
  3. Abbreviations: ADS = atypical depression supplement; BMI = body mass index, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, IL = interleukin, MDD = major depressive disorder; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug