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Table 2 Results of regression analyses investigating the associations between effectiveness and subjective distress (CES), and type of coercive interventions, controlling for demographical and clinical variables (patients who experienced seclusion and mechanical restraint constituted the reference group; only models with at least one significant predictor beyond baseline scores are reported here)

From: Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions

Dependent variables

Change scores Effectiveness

Subjective distress : Mean scores Coercion Experience Scale (CES)

SDAS

Uncooperative-ness

Lack of insight into the illness

Total score CES

Factor Humiliation

Factor Physical adverse effects

Factor Separation

Factor Negative environment

Factor Fear

Factor Coercion

Independent variables1

df(6;92)

df(5;93)

df(5;93)

df(5;68)

df(5;68)

df(6;68)

df(5;71)

df(6;68)

df(5;69)

df(4;73)

R² = 0.4***

R² = 0.4***

R² = 0.3***

R² = 0.3***

R² = 0.2**

R² = 0.4****

R² = 0.26**

R² = 0.34***

R² = 0.2**

R² = 0.13*

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Seclusion

1.9

−0.2

−0.5

−0.5

−0.7

−0.9**

−1.2*

0.2

0.6

0.2

Involuntary medication

6.1

0.2

−0.003

−1**

−1.5**

−1.4***

−1.8***

−0.3

0.5

−0.5

Seclusion & medication

-.08

−0.5

−0.5

−0.3

−0.6

−0.8*

−0.5

0.3

0.8

0.4

Female gender

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

0.6***

0.6*

0.9***

0.7**

0.8***

0.6*

n.s.

Age

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

−0.02**

−0.02*

−0.02*

n.s.

−0.02**

n.s.

n.s.

Married status

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

−0.3*

−0.6*

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Voluntary status at admission

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

−0.5**

n.s.

n.s.

Coercive experience during previous admissions

3.8*

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Psychotic disorder

3.8*

0.9**

0.7*

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Pressure applied from the staff at the start of the measure

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

0.09**

0.1*

Baseline score of SDAS, Uncooperativeness and lack of insight, respectively

−0.7***

−0.7***

−0.6***

N/A²

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

  1. * significant at the 0.05 level; ** significant at the 0.01 level; *** significant at the 0.001 level.
  2. ¹ Ethnical minority was excluded from all stepwise regression analyses; ²N/A not applicable.
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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