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Table 3 Results from regression analyses investigating the associations between effectiveness and subjective distress (CES) of patients experienced involuntary medication and seclusion with other clinical and demographical variables (codes: involuntary medication (1); seclusion (0); only models with at least one significant predictor beyond baseline scores, are reported here)

From: Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions

Dependent variables

Change scores Effectiveness

Subjective distress : Mean scores Coercion Experience Scale (CES)

Uncooperativeness

Total score CES

Factor

Humiliation

Factor

Physical adverse effects

Factor

Negative environment

Factor

Coercion

VAS Global Strain

Independent variables1

df(3;64)

df(4;48)

df(1;51)

df(3;50)

df(3;50)

df(2;55)

df(1;50)

R² = 0.4***

R² = 0.3***

R² = 0.1

R² = 0.3

R² = 0.3

R² = 0.13*

R² = 0.08**

 

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Unstandardized coefficients

Involuntary medication

0.4

−0.6*

−0.9*

−0.4

−0.6*

−0.7

−21*

Female gender

n.s.

0.6*

n.s.

0.7**

0.7**

n.s.

n.s.

Age

n.s.

−0.02*

n.s.

−0.03**

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Married status

n.s.

n.s

n.s.

n.s.

−0.7**

n.s.

n.s.

Psychotic disorder

0.9*

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Pressure applied from the staff at the start of the measure

n.s.

0.7*

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

0.12*

n.s.

Baseline score of Uncooperativeness

−0.7***

N/A²

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

  1. * significant at the 0.05 level; ** significant at the 0.01 level; *** significant at the 0.001 level
  2. ; 1 Independent variables excluded from all stepwise regression analyses: ethnical minority, voluntary status & coercive experience during previous admissions; ² N/A not applicable.