Bipolar I (BPI) | Bipolar II (BPII) | Control (C) | ANOVA | P | Bonferroni post hoc test | Cohen’s D | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | BPI vs C | BPII vs C | BPI vs BPII | ||||
Claeson-Dahl1 | N = 57 | N = 42 | N = 84 | ||||||
Learning | 46.9 (11.0) | 47.2 (12.1) | 49.3 (10.3) | 1.04 | 0.35 | ||||
Retention | 48.0(12.8) | 44.0 (12.5) | 48.0 (10.4) | 1.97 | 0.14 | ||||
Recognition | 9.6 (0.8) | 9.7 (0.7) | 9.8 (0.6) | 1.19 | 0.31 | ||||
Colour-Word2 | N = 60 | N = 40 | N = 82 | ||||||
Colours | 8.7 (3.5) | 9.1 (2.2) | 9.8 (2.3) | 2.66 | 0.072 | ||||
Colour names | 9.7 (2.8) | 10.5 (1.9) | 10.1 (2.5) | 1.28 | 0.28 | ||||
Inhibition | 9.6 (3.7) | 9.9 (2.6) | 11.7 (2.5) | 9.70 | <0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.09 |
Inhibition and set-shifting | 9.6 (3.4) | 10.1 (2.7) | 11.3 (2.6) | 6.73 | 0.002 | BPI < C | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.16 |
Design Fluency2 | N = 65 | N = 40 | N = 84 | ||||||
Draw designs | 11.1 (3.2) | 11.3 (2.4) | 11.7 (2.7) | 0.97 | 0.38 | ||||
Connect the dots | 11.1 (3.0) | 11.2 (3.0) | 11.5 (2.3) | 0.48 | 0.62 | ||||
Set-shifting | 10.9 (2.7) | 11.5 (2.7) | 13.1 (2.7) | 12.87 | <0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.81 | 0.59 | 0.22 |
Rey Complex Figure 3 | N = 60 | N = 42 | N = 80 | ||||||
Copy score | 33.6 (2.7) | 32.7 (3.1) | 32.7 (3.1) | 0.28 | 0.76 | ||||
Time to draw figure | 221.8 (140.3) | 199.6 (101.3) | 159.7 (71.6) | 6.35 | 0.002 | BPI > C | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.18 |
Immediate recall | 41.8 (14.0) | 44.4 (15.0) | 48.4 (12.9) | 4.94 | 0.008 | BPI < C | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.18 |
30 minute recall | 43.4 (14.8) | 43.0 (14.2) | 46.9 (13.2) | 2.24 | 0.11 | ||||
Recognition | 43.4 (11.5) | 44.5 (13.5) | 50.2 (11.3) | 6.84 | 0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.08 |
Tower4 | N = 58 | N = 35 | N = 56 | ||||||
Total score | 10.5 (3.6) | 11.1 (3.3) | 11.9 (2.4) | 3.22 | 0.043 | BPI < C | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.17 |
Rule violations | 1.3 (3.0) | 1.2 (4.1) | 0.3 (0.7) | 2.44 | 0.091 | ||||
Time first move | 9.0 (3.5) | 8.5 (2.3) | 10.6 (2.8) | 7.01 | 0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.50 | 0.82 | −0.17 |
Time per move | 7.6 (3.6) | 8.5 (2.7) | 10.3 (2.3) | 13.36 | <0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.28 |
Move accuracy | 11.4 (3.3) | 10.6 (2.6) | 10.3 (2.0) | 2.33 | 0.10 | ||||
TMT2 | N = 65 | N = 41 | N = 85 | ||||||
Visual Scanning | 10.5 (2.9) | 11.1 (1.8) | 10.8 (2.3) | 0.85 | 0.43 | ||||
Number Sequencing | 8.8 (3.6) | 10.0 (2.8) | 11.5 (2.4) | 15.18 | <0.001 | BP, BPII < C | 0.88 | 0.58 | 0.37 |
Letter Sequencing | 9.3 (3.1) | 9.8 (2.8) | 11.1 (2.7) | 7.72 | 0.001 | BPI < C | 0.62 | 0.47 | 0.17 |
Number-Letter Switching | 9.1 (3.0) | 9.4 (2.9) | 11.6 (1.6) | 22.99 | <0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 1.04 | 0.94 | 0.10 |
Motor Speed | 11.4 (2.2) | 11.6 (2.4) | 11.8 (1.6) | 0.92 | 0.40 | ||||
Verbal Fluency2 | N = 65 | N = 43 | N = 83 | ||||||
Phonetic | 12.0 (4.6) | 12.4 (4.0) | 13.7 (3.3) | 3.88 | 0.022 | BPI < C | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.09 |
Semantic | 12.3 (4.4) | 12.4 (4.0) | 16.0 (3.2) | 20.72 | <0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.02 |
Set-shifting | 10.9 (3.6) | 11.5 (3.1) | 13.7 (3.4) | 12.98 | <0.001 | BPI, BPII < C | 0.91 | 0.68 | 0.18 |