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Table 2 Performance on neuropsychological tests for patients with bipolar disorder type I, type II and healthy controls with data presented as mean (SD) scores

From: Neurocognitive function in bipolar disorder: a comparison between bipolar I and II disorder and matched controls

 

Bipolar I (BPI)

Bipolar II (BPII)

Control (C)

ANOVA

P

Bonferroni post hoc test

Cohen’s D

 

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

   

BPI vs C

BPII vs C

BPI vs BPII

Claeson-Dahl1

N = 57

N = 42

N = 84

      

Learning

46.9 (11.0)

47.2 (12.1)

49.3 (10.3)

1.04

0.35

    

Retention

48.0(12.8)

44.0 (12.5)

48.0 (10.4)

1.97

0.14

    

Recognition

9.6 (0.8)

9.7 (0.7)

9.8 (0.6)

1.19

0.31

    

Colour-Word2

N = 60

N = 40

N = 82

      

Colours

8.7 (3.5)

9.1 (2.2)

9.8 (2.3)

2.66

0.072

    

Colour names

9.7 (2.8)

10.5 (1.9)

10.1 (2.5)

1.28

0.28

    

Inhibition

9.6 (3.7)

9.9 (2.6)

11.7 (2.5)

9.70

<0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.54

0.55

0.09

Inhibition and set-shifting

9.6 (3.4)

10.1 (2.7)

11.3 (2.6)

6.73

0.002

BPI < C

0.56

0.45

0.16

Design Fluency2

N = 65

N = 40

N = 84

      

Draw designs

11.1 (3.2)

11.3 (2.4)

11.7 (2.7)

0.97

0.38

    

Connect the dots

11.1 (3.0)

11.2 (3.0)

11.5 (2.3)

0.48

0.62

    

Set-shifting

10.9 (2.7)

11.5 (2.7)

13.1 (2.7)

12.87

<0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.81

0.59

0.22

Rey Complex Figure 3

N = 60

N = 42

N = 80

      

Copy score

33.6 (2.7)

32.7 (3.1)

32.7 (3.1)

0.28

0.76

    

Time to draw figure

221.8 (140.3)

199.6 (101.3)

159.7 (71.6)

6.35

0.002

BPI > C

0.56

0.45

0.18

Immediate recall

41.8 (14.0)

44.4 (15.0)

48.4 (12.9)

4.94

0.008

BPI < C

0.49

0.29

0.18

30 minute recall

43.4 (14.8)

43.0 (14.2)

46.9 (13.2)

2.24

0.11

    

Recognition

43.4 (11.5)

44.5 (13.5)

50.2 (11.3)

6.84

0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.60

0.46

0.08

Tower4

N = 58

N = 35

N = 56

      

Total score

10.5 (3.6)

11.1 (3.3)

11.9 (2.4)

3.22

0.043

BPI < C

0.46

0.28

0.17

Rule violations

1.3 (3.0)

1.2 (4.1)

0.3 (0.7)

2.44

0.091

    

Time first move

9.0 (3.5)

8.5 (2.3)

10.6 (2.8)

7.01

0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.50

0.82

−0.17

Time per move

7.6 (3.6)

8.5 (2.7)

10.3 (2.3)

13.36

<0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.89

0.72

0.28

Move accuracy

11.4 (3.3)

10.6 (2.6)

10.3 (2.0)

2.33

0.10

    

TMT2

N = 65

N = 41

N = 85

      

Visual Scanning

10.5 (2.9)

11.1 (1.8)

10.8 (2.3)

0.85

0.43

    

Number Sequencing

8.8 (3.6)

10.0 (2.8)

11.5 (2.4)

15.18

<0.001

BP, BPII < C

0.88

0.58

0.37

Letter Sequencing

9.3 (3.1)

9.8 (2.8)

11.1 (2.7)

7.72

0.001

BPI < C

0.62

0.47

0.17

Number-Letter Switching

9.1 (3.0)

9.4 (2.9)

11.6 (1.6)

22.99

<0.001

BPI, BPII < C

1.04

0.94

0.10

Motor Speed

11.4 (2.2)

11.6 (2.4)

11.8 (1.6)

0.92

0.40

    

Verbal Fluency2

N = 65

N = 43

N = 83

      

Phonetic

12.0 (4.6)

12.4 (4.0)

13.7 (3.3)

3.88

0.022

BPI < C

0.42

0.35

0.09

Semantic

12.3 (4.4)

12.4 (4.0)

16.0 (3.2)

20.72

<0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.96

0.99

0.02

Set-shifting

10.9 (3.6)

11.5 (3.1)

13.7 (3.4)

12.98

<0.001

BPI, BPII < C

0.91

0.68

0.18

  1. 1Mean scores are t-scores for learning and retention and raw scores for recognition.
  2. 2Mean scores are demographics corrected standard scores.
  3. 3Mean scores are raw scores for copy score and time to draw figure and t-scores for recall and recognition variables.
  4. 4Mean scores are demographics corrected standard scores except rule violations, which is a raw score.