Table 5 Summary of associations between a healthy dietary pattern and depression, presented by year of publication
From: The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: a systematic review
Author, country, year | Type of diet | Adjusted for confounders | Results (T = tertile, Q = quartile, C = category) | p for trend | Summary of associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort | |||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Whole food dietary pattern | Age, gender, energy intake | T1: Referent | Increased adherence to whole food diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 0.62 (0.48, 0.79) | 0.0002 | ||||
T3: 0.64 (0.49, 0.83) | 0.001 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Whole food dietary pattern | Age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking | T1: Referent | Increased adherence to whole food diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 0.004 | ||||
T3: 0.74 (0.56, 0.98) | 0.03 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Whole food dietary pattern | Age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, use of anti-depressant drugs, cognitive functioning | T1: Referent | Increased adherence to whole food diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 0.71 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.01 | ||||
T3: 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.04 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Whole food dietary pattern | Prior depression, age, gender, energy intake | T1: Referent | Increased adherence to whole food diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 0.63 (0.46, 0.87) | 0.005 | ||||
T3: 0.66 (0.47, 0.92) | 0.01 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Whole food dietary pattern | Prior depression, age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking | T1: Referent | Increased adherence to whole food diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms (non-linear) | |
T2: 0.70 (0.50, 0.96) | 0.03 | ||||
T3: 0.74 (0.52, 1.04) | 0.08 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Whole food dietary pattern | Prior depression, age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, use of anti-depressant drugs, cognitive functioning | T1: Referent | Increased adherence to whole food diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms (non-linear) | |
T2: 0.68 (0.50, 0.94) | 0.02 | ||||
T3: 0.73 (0.51, 1.02) | 0.07 | ||||
Chatzi et al., Greece, 2011 [15] | Healthy diet | Age, education, parity, house tenure, depression during previous pregnancies, total energy intake during pregnancy | (Outcome: EPDS) | 0.02 | Increased adherence to healthy diet associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
T1: Referent | |||||
T2:–1.13 (−2.25, 0.00) | |||||
T3:–1.75 (−3.22,–0.28) | |||||
Chatzi et al., Greece, 2011 [15] | Healthy diet | Age, education, parity, house tenure, depression during previous pregnancies, total energy intake during pregnancy | (Outcome: symptoms) | 0.04 | Increased adherence to healthy diet associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
T1: Referent | |||||
T2: 0.52 (0.30, 0.92) | |||||
T3: 0.51 (0.25, 1.05) | |||||
Okubu et al., Japan, 2011 [23] | Healthy diet | Age, gestation, parity, smoking, change in diet in preceding month, family structure, occupation, family income, education, season, BMI, time of delivery, medical problems during pregnancy, sex and birth weight of baby | Q1: Referent | 0.72 | No association |
Q2: 0.82 (0.46, 1.47) | |||||
Q3: 1.49 (0.86, 2.60) | |||||
Q4: 0.94 (0.52, 1.69) | |||||
Case–control | |||||
Park et al., Korea, 2010 [37] | Total diet quality | Matched for age, sex | Cases: 47.2 ± 0.9 | <0.01 | Increased adherence to healthier total diet associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
Controls: 51.3 ± 0.9 α | |||||
Park et al., Korea, 2010 [37] | Meat, fish, eggs, beans < twice per day | Matched for age, sex | Cases: 2.9 ± 0.1 | <0.05 | Increased adherence to diet based on meat, fish, eggs, and bean associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
Controls: 3.3 ± 0.1 α | |||||
Cross-sectional | |||||
Tangney et al., USA, 2002 [26] | Healthy | Age, BMI, tumor characteristics (stage, node, estrogen receptor), time since breast cancer diagnoses | * | 0.0003 | Increased adherence to healthy diet associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
Samieri et al., France, 2008 [25] | Healthy | Age, education, income, marital status | Males: −0.12 (−0.31, 0.07) † | 0.21 | No association |
Females: −0.16 (−0.33, 0.007) † | 0.06 | No association | |||
Jeffery et al., USA, 2009 [19] | Low calorie | BMI, energy intake | −0.027 (*)† | <0.001 | Increased adherence to low calorie diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
Beydoun et al., USA, 2010 [34] | Healthy overall | Age, ethnicity, marital status, education, poverty status, smoking, illicit drug use, BMI | Males: −0.035 (0.025) † | NS* | No association |
Females: −0.070 (0.023) † | <0.05 | Increased adherence to healthy overall diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for females | |||
Jacka et al., Australia, 2010 [7] | ‘Traditional’ (healthy) dietary pattern | Age, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol energy intake | C1: Referent | <0.05 | Increased adherence to a traditional diet (vegetables, fruit, meat, fish, wholegrain foods) with reduced odds of depression |
C2: 0.65 (0.43, 0.98) | |||||
Jacka et al., Australia, 2010 [7] | Diet quality score | Age, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy intake | C1: Referent | NS* | No association |
C2: 0.85 (0.65, 1.13) | |||||
Jacka et al., Australia, 2010 [7] | ‘Modern’ dietary pattern | Age, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol energy intake | C1: Referent | NS* | No association |
C2: 1.29 (0.96, 1.73) | |||||
Kuczmarski et al., USA, 2010 [29] | Healthy diet quality | Sex, education, income, race | * | <0.0001 | Increased adherence to healthy diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
Aihara et al., Japan, 2011 [27] | Well-balanced meals | Age, prior depression, illness, cognitive difficulties, gender | Males: | <0.05 | Increased adherence to eating well-balanced meals associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 2.75 (1.25, 6.05) | |||||
Females: | <0.01 | ||||
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 2.37(1.27, 4.43) | |||||
Fowles, Bryant et al., USA, 2011 [31] | Total diet quality | Age, education, social support, eating habits | −0.293 (*)†ψ | <0.01 | Healthier total diet quality associated with lower mean depressive symptoms |
Jacka et al., Norway, 2011 [8] | Healthy dietary pattern | Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy consumption | Males: | ||
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) | 0.92 | No association | |||
Females: | |||||
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 0.68 (0.57, 0.87) | <0.001 | Increased adherence to healthy diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for females | |||
Jacka et al., Norway, 2011 [8] | Diet quality score | Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy consumption | Males: OR (95% CI) per SD increase: 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.034 | Increased adherence to healthy (total) diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for males and females |
Females: OR (95% CI) per SD increase: 0.71 (0.59, 0.84) | <0.001 |