Table 6 Summary of associations between Western/unhealthy dietary intakes and depression, presented by year of publication, and author
From: The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: a systematic review
Author, country, year | Type of diet | Adjusted for confounders | Results (C = category, T = tertile, Q = quartile) | p for trend | Summary of associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort | |||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Processed food dietary pattern | Age, gender, energy intake | T1: Referent | Increased consumption of processed foods associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 1.28 (0.97, 1.69) | 0.08 | ||||
T3: 1.75 (1.25, 2.45) | 0.001 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Processed food dietary pattern | Age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking | T1: Referent | Increased consumption of processed foods associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 1.22 (0.92, 1.62) | 0.17 | ||||
T3: 1.58 (1.12, 2.23) | 0.009 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Processed food dietary pattern | Age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, use of anti-depressant drugs, cognitive functioning | T1: Referent | Increased consumption of processed foods associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 1.22 (0.92, 1.62) | 0.17 | ||||
T3: 1.58 (1.11, 2.23) | 0.01 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Processed food dietary pattern | Prior depression, age, gender, energy intake | T1: Referent | Increased consumption of processed foods associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 1.44 (1.02, 2.02) | 0.04 | ||||
T3: 1.83 (1.20, 2.79) | 0.004 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Processed food dietary pattern | Prior depression, age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking | T1: Referent | Increased consumption of processed foods associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 1.41 (1.00, 2.00) | 0.05 | ||||
T3: 1.76 (1.14, 2.70) | 0.01 | ||||
Akbaraly et al., UK, 2009 [21] | Processed food dietary pattern | Prior depression, age, gender, energy intake, marital status, employment, education, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, use of anti-depressant drugs, cognitive functioning | T1: Referent | Increased consumption of processed foods associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms | |
T2: 1.38 (0.98, 1.95) | 0.06 | ||||
T3: 1.69 (1.10, 2.60) | 0.02 | ||||
Chatzi et al., Greece, 2011 [15] | Western diet | Age, education, parity, house tenure, depression during previous pregnancies, total energy intake during pregnancy | (Outcome: EPDS) | 0.07 | No association |
T1: Referent | |||||
T2: 0.96 (−0.17, 2.00) | |||||
T3: 1.32 (−0.19, 2.76) | |||||
Chatzi et al., Greece, 2011 [15] | Western diet | Age, education, parity, house tenure, depression during previous pregnancies, total energy intake during pregnancy | (Outcome: symptoms) | 0.70 | No association |
T1: Referent | |||||
T2: 1.10 (0.63, 1.93) | |||||
T3: 1.14 (0.58, 2.26) | |||||
Okubu et al., Japan, 2011 [23] | Western diet | Age, gestation, parity, smoking, change in diet in preceding month, family structure, occupation, family income, education, season, BMI, time of delivery, medical problems during pregnancy, sex and birth weight of baby | Q1: Referent | 0.36 | No association |
Q2: 0.52 (0.30, 0.93) | |||||
Q3: 0.71 (0.41, 1.20) | |||||
Q4: 0.73 (0.42, 1.24) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Fast food consumption | Age, sex | Q1: Referent | 0.01 | Increased consumption of fast foods associated with increased odds of self-reported depression |
Q2: 1.00 (0.75, 1.32) | |||||
Q3: 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) | |||||
Q4: 1.04 (0.78, 1.39) | |||||
Q5: 1.45 (1.09, 1.92) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Fast food consumption | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI | Q1: Referent | 0.01 | Increased consumption of fast foods associated with increased odds of self-reported depression |
Q2: 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) | |||||
Q3: 0.97 (0.72, 1.30) | |||||
Q4: 1.02 (0.76, 1.38) | |||||
Q5: 1.40 (1.05, 1.86) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Fast food consumption | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, consumption of commercial baked goods | Q1: Referent | 0.03 | Increased consumption of fast foods associated with increased odds of self-reported depression |
Q2: 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) | |||||
Q3: 0.95 (0.70, 1.27) | |||||
Q4: 1.00 (0.75, 1.35) | |||||
Q5: 1.36 (1.02, 1.81) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Fast food consumption | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, consumption of healthy food items | Q1: Referent | 0.02 | Increased consumption of fast foods associated with increased odds of self-reported depression |
Q2: 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) | |||||
Q3: 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) | |||||
Q4: 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) | |||||
Q5: 1.37 (1.02, 1.83) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Commercial baked goods consumption | Age, sex | Q1: Referent | 0.17 | No association |
Q2: 1.38 (1.03, 1.85) | |||||
Q3: 1.33 (0.99, 1.79) | |||||
Q4: 1.10 (0.81, 1.49) | |||||
Q5: 1.40 (1.05, 1.87) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Commercial baked goods consumption | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI | Q1: Referent | 0.18 | No association |
Q2: 1.44 (1.06, 1.95) | |||||
Q3: 1.40 (1.01, 1.94) | |||||
Q4: 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) | |||||
Q5: 1.43 (1.06, 1.93) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Commercial baked goods consumption | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, consumption of fast food | Q1: Referent | 0.27 | No association |
Q2: 1.41 (1.04, 1.93) | |||||
Q3: 1.37 (0.99, 1.90) | |||||
Q4: 1.12 (0.79, 1.57) | |||||
Q5: 1.38 (1.02, 1.87) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2011 [20] | Commercial baked goods consumption | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, consumption of healthy food items | Q1: Referent | 0.32 | No association |
Q2: 1.42 (1.05, 1.93) | |||||
Q3: 1.36 (0.98, 1.89) | |||||
Q4: 1.13 (0.80, 1.58) | |||||
Q5: 1.37 (1.01, 1.85) | |||||
Cross-sectional | |||||
Liu et al., China, 2007 [30] | Fast food | Sex, current year of College study, city, weight, smoking, alcohol | T1: Referent | NS* | |
T2: 0.89 (0.23, 3.46) | <0.05 | Decreased consumption of fast food associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms | |||
T3: 0.40 (0.12, 1.37) | |||||
Liu et al., China, 2007 [30] | Ready to eat food | Sex, current year of College study, city, weight, smoking, alcohol | T1: Referent | NS* <0.0001 | Decreased consumption of ready to eat food associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
T2: 0.96 (0.77, 1.18) | |||||
T3: 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) | |||||
Liu et al., China, 2007 [30] | Snack food | Sex, current year of College study, city, weight, smoking, alcohol | * | NS* | Decreased consumption of snack food associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
Samieri et al., France, 2008 [25] | Females: Pizza, sandwich | Age, education, income, marital status | Females: 0.21 (−0.11, 0.53) † | 0.19 | No association |
Samieri et al., France, 2008 [25] | Biscuits and snacking | Age, education, income, marital status | Males: −0.06 (−0.35, 0.23) † | 0.70 | No association |
Females: 0.13 (−0.07, 0.33) † | 0.19 | No association | |||
Samieri et al.,France, 2008 [25] | Females: Charcuterie, starchy foodsψ | Age, education, income, marital status | Females: −0.15 (−0.32, 0.02) † | 0.07 | No association |
Jeffery et al., USA, 2009 [19] | High calorie sweet diet | BMI, energy intake | 0.012 (*) α | <0.01 | Decreased consumption of high calorie sweet foods associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
Jeffery et al., USA, 2009 [19] | High calorie non-sweet diet | BMI, energy intake | −0.018 (*) α | <0.01 | Decreased consumption of high calorie non-sweet foods associated with lower mean depressive symptom scores |
Mikolajczyk et al., Europe, 2009 [38] | Fast food | Country | Males: 1.85 (*)† | 0.02 | Increased consumption of fast foods associated with greater mean depressive symptom scores for men |
Females 0.34 (*)† | 0.57 | No association | |||
Jacka et al., Australia, 2010 [7] | Western dietary pattern | Age, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy intake | C1: Referent | NS* | No association |
C2: 1.52 (0.96, 2.41) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] | Westernized breakfast pattern | Age, sex, workplace | T1: Referent | 0.43 | No association |
T2: 0.99 (0.63, 1.57) | |||||
T3: 1.21 (0.75, 1.95) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] | Westernized breakfast pattern | Age, sex, workplace, marital status, BMI, job position, physical activity, smoking, co morbidities, total energy intake | T1: Referent | 0.34 | No association |
T2: 1.02 (0.64, 1.64) | |||||
T3: 1.27 (0.77, 2.10) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] | Animal food pattern | Age, sex, workplace | T1: Referent | 0.94 | No association |
T2: 1.43 (0.92, 2.23) | |||||
T3: 0.99 (0.63, 1.55) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] | Animal food pattern | Age, sex, workplace, marital status, BMI, job position, physical activity, smoking, co morbidities, total energy intake | T1: Referent | 0.91 | No association |
T2: 1.47 (0.93, 2.32) | |||||
T3: 0.97 (0.61, 1.55) | |||||
Fowles, Timmerman et al., USA, 2011 [41] | Fast food frequency | Matched for age, sex | T −2.5 (−6.45, 0.71) | <0.05 | Increased consumption of fast foods associated with higher mean depressive symptom scores |
Jacka et al., Norway, 2011 [8] | Western dietary pattern | Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy consumption | Males: | ||
C1: Referent | |||||
C2: 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.25 | No association | |||
Females: | |||||
C1: Referent | |||||
C2; 1.25 (0.93, 1.68) | 0.27 | No association |