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Table 4 Severely impaired interpretation performers (LIP) show compromised cognition compared to healthy controls (Con) and non impaired interpretation performers (HIP)

From: Odor naming and interpretation performance in 881 schizophrenia subjects: association with clinical parameters

Trait

Descriptive

Group contrast

Effect

[95%CI]

Statistic

p

Basic characteristics

Age (years)

SZ

39.5 ± 13

(17–78)

     

mean ± SD (range)

Con

38.8 ± 14

(18–71)

HIP / Con

2.75

[−0.81, 6.31]

t275= 1.522a

0.13

 

HIP

41.0 ± 11

(22–64)

LIP / Con

1.25

[−2.31, 4.81]

t275= 0.693a

0.49

 

LIP

39.7 ± 13

(18–71)

LIP / HIP

−1.40

[−4.58, 1.77]

t174=−0.873a

0.38

Gender (% female)

SZ

33

      
 

Con

32

 

HIP / Con

OR 1.25

[0.66, 2.38]

Fisherb

0.54

 

HIP

38

 

LIP / Con

OR 0.83

[0.42, 1.62]

Fisherb

0.64

 

LIP

28

 

LIP / HIP

OR 0.66

[0.33, 1.31]

Fisherb

0.26

     

for females

   

Smoker status (% yes)

SZ

48

      
 

Con

63

 

HIP / Con

OR 0.45

[0.21, 0.94]

Fisherb

0.025

 

HIP

43

 

LIP / Con

OR 0.57

[0.26, 1.23]

Fisherb

0.15

 

LIP

49

 

LIP / HIP

OR 1.26

[0.52, 3.05]

Fisherb

0.68

     

for smokers

   

Disease related higher and basal cognition and premorbid intelligence

Reasoningc

SZ

20.8 ± 6.6

(2–38)

     

mean ± SD (range)

Con

27.2 ± 5.2

(14–38)

HIP / Con

−3.00

[−4.86, -1.14]

t265=−3.180a

1.6x10 -3

 

HIP

21.5 ± 6.5

(8–38)

LIP / Con

−5.49

[−7.63, -3.35]

t265=−5.058a

7.9 x10 -7

 

LIP

18.2 ± 6.7

(2–34)

LIP / HIP

−2.45

[−4.07, -0.82]

t164=−2.971a

3.4 x10 -3

Fine motor function

SZ

−0.12 ± 0.91

(−3.22–3.22)

     

compositec

Con

0.97 ± 0.68

(−1.09–2.83)

HIP / Con

−0.53

[−0.75, -0.31]

t268=−4.674a

4.7 x10 -6

mean ± SD (range)

HIP

−0.002 ± 0.87

(−2.40–1.83)

LIP / Con

−0.78

[−1.03, -0.52]

t268=−5.951a

8.3 x10 -9

 

LIP

−0.45 ± 0.93

(−2.89–1.90)

LIP / HIP

−0.23

[−0.41, -0.05]

t167=−2.471a

0.014

Premorbid

SZ

26.2 ± 6.1

(4–37)

     

intelligenced

Con

30.9 ± 4.0

(18–37)

HIP / Con

−0.22

[−2.06, 1.62]

t267=−0.236a

0.81

mean ± SD (range)

HIP

27.8 ± 5.0

(13–37)

LIP / Con

−2.60

[−4.74, -0.46]

t267=−2.393a

0.017

 

LIP

23.8 ± 7.0

(5–35)

LIP / HIP

−2.51

[−4.19, -0.83]

t166=−2.955a

3.6 x10 -3

  1. Multiple testing adjusted significances (applying Bonferroni (p≤ 0.007) and the closed testing principle) are set in boldface. All other p-values 0.05 are set in italic; at-Statistic tdf with df degrees of freedom for estimation of difference in means (employing a linear model on Blom-transformed trait); bFisher’s exact test for count data; cAdjusted for age at exam and PANSS negative (value 7 for healthy control). Reasoning ability was measured by LPS3 (subtest 3 of the Leistungsprüfsystem, a German test covering Thurstone’s primary mental abilities). Fine motor function composite is the mean from standardized (by Blom-transformation) MacQuarrie dotting and tapping; dAdjusted for age (age of onset of psychosis for schizophrenia HIP and LIP, age at exam for healthy control) and PANSS negative (value 7 for healthy control). Premorbid intelligence was assessed by MWTB (Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest, English translation: multiple choice vocabulary test of intelligence). Abbreviations: Con= Healthy control (N=102); SZ= Descriptive statistics for whole schizophrenia sample (N=881); HIP= High interpretation performers (N=88); LIP= Low interpretation performers (N=88), OR=Odds Ratio.