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Table 1 Categorical demographics

From: Prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among persons with type-2 diabetes mellitus without a prior psychiatric history: a cross-sectional study in clinical settings in urban Nepal

Variables

Total

Male

Female

Sex difference

P value

 

No. (%)

No. (%)

No. (%)

OR (95% CI)

 

Sex

     

Male

186 (48.3)

-

-

-

-

Female

199 (51.7)

-

-

Religion

     

All others

90 (23.4)

50 (13.0)

40 (10.4)

Ref.

 

Hindu

295 (76.6)

136 (35.3)

159 (41.3)

1.46 (0.91,2.35)

0.12

Ethnicity

     

High caste

173 (45.0)

83 (21.60)

90 (23.4)

Ref.

 

Newar

65 (16.9)

27 (7.0)

38 (9.9)

1.29 (0.73,2.31)

0.38

Hilly indigenous (Janajati)

90 (23.4)

54 (14.0)

36 (9.4)

0.62 (0.37,1.03)

0.07

Occupational castes (Dalit)

11 (2.9)

8 (2.1)

3 (0.8)

0.35 (0.09,1.35)

0.13

All others

46 (11.9)

14 (3.6)

32 (8.3)

2.11 (1.05,4.23)

0.04

Marital status

     

Married

264 (68.6)

138 (35.8)

126 (32.7)

Ref.

 

Others

121 (31.4)

48 (12.5)

73 (19.0)

1.66 (1.07,2.57)

0.02

Residence

     

Rural

60 (15.6)

22 (5.7)

38 (9.9)

Ref.

 

Urban

242 (62.9)

108 (28.1)

134 (34.8)

0.72 (0.40,1.29)

0.27

Sub-urban

82 (21.3)

56 (14.5)

26 (6.8)

0.27 (0.13,0.54)

<0.001

Occupation*

     

Unemployed

8 (2.1)

2 (0.5)

6 (1.56)

Ref.

 

House wife

125 (32.5)

60 (15.6)

65 (16.9)

0.36 (0.07,1.86)

0.22

Farmer

59 (15.3)

28 (7.3)

31 (8.1)

0.37 (0.07,1.98)

0.25

Service

32 (8.3)

15 (3.9)

17 (4.4)

0.38 (0.07,2.16)

0.27

Retired

86 (22.3)

46 (11.9)

40 (10.4)

0.29 (0.01,1.52)

0.14

Laborers

14 (3.6)

8 (2.1)

6 (1.6)

0.25 (0.04,1.70)

0.16

Business

44 (11.4)

20 (5.2)

24 (6.2)

0.40 (0.07,2.20)

0.29

All others

14 (3.6)

7 (1.9)

7 (1.8)

0.33 (0.05,2.26)

0.26

Education

     

No formal

182 (47.3)

85 (22.07)

97 (25.20)

Ref.

 

Below primary

38 (9.9)

15 (3.9)

23 (6.0)

1.34 (0.66,2.74)

0.42

Primary/secondary

57 (14.8)

27 (7.0)

30 (7.8)

0.974 (0.54,1.77)

0.93

School leaving certificate

108 (28.1)

59 (15.3)

49 (12.7)

0.73 (0.45,1.18)

0.19

Family type

     

Nuclear

305 (79.2)

148 (38.4)

157 (40.8)

Ref.

 

Joint

80 (20.8)

38 (9.9)

42 (10.9)

1.04 (0.64,1.71)

0.87

  1. *Two individuals were students. Results did not include these two individuals in occupation analysis because of small sample and unstable confidence interval.