Neurobehavioral consequences of chronic intrauterine opioid exposure in infants and preschool children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 General characteristics of selected studies comparing opioid exposed infants and children with non opioid exposed controls (n = 5)

Study	Age in months when tested	Number	Country	Type of opioid exposure	Socio-economic status	Measures used (Neurobehavioral)
Infants
Hunt et al. [6]	19.9	79OE	Australia	Illicit heroin	n/a	VSMS, MSCA, BSID
		61C
Moe et al. [71]	12	64OE	Norway	Illicit heroin	3.9OE*¹ v 4.1C	MSCA, BSID
		52C
Hans et al. [74]	12/24	33OE	USA	Illicit heroin	5*²	BSID, IBR
		45C		Prescribed methadone
Bunikowski et al. [73]	12.4	42OE	Germany	Illicit heroin	4OE*³ v 6C	GDS, RPD-Q
		47C		Prescribed methadone
Pre-school children
Hunt et al. [6]	38.2	67OE	Australia	Illicit heroin	n/a	BSID, MSCA
		44C
Moe et al. [71]	54	64OE	Norway	Illicit heroin	3.9OE*¹ v 4.1C	BSID, MSCA
		52C
Ornoy et al. [72]	60	93OE	Israel	Illicit heroin	3.9OE*³	BSID, MCSA, Achenbach CBC
		50EC			2.4C
		85C

OE, Opioid Exposed; EC, Environmental Controls; C, Controls; *1, SES or mean value of both parent education and occupation; *2, Hollinghead level; *3, Socio-status; n/a, not available. Achenbach CBC, Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (Externalising including attention); BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development Test (Psychomotor and Mental Scores); GDS, Griffiths Developmental Scale (Locomotor); IBR, Bayley’s Infant Behaviour Record; MCSA, McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (Motor scale); RPD-Q, Rapid Pre-screening Denver Questionnaire; VSMS, Vineland Social Maturity Scale.

ISSN: 1471-244X