Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss

Nickerson, Angela; Liddell, Belinda J; Maccallum, Fiona; Steel, Zachary; Silove, Derrick; Bryant, Richard A

doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-106

BMC Psychiatry

Table 4 Probability of item endorsement for PTSD and Grief symptoms for 4-class solution

From: Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss

	Overall symptom frequency		PTSD/PGD (Class 1) 16%		PTSD (Class 2) 25%		PGD (Class 3) 17%		Resilient (Class 4) 43%
	N	%	Probability	SE	Probability	SE	Probability	SE	Probability	SE
PTSD Symptoms – re-experiencing
Intrusive memories	125	50.40%	1.00	0.00	0.75	0.07	0.65	0.09	0.14	0.05
Nightmares	85	34.27%	0.77	0.07	0.56	0.08	0.15	0.07	0.01	0.02
Flashbacks	72	29.03%	0.85	0.06	0.56	0.09	0.33	0.33	0.04	0.02
Psychological or physiological distress to reminders	46	18.55%	0.87	0.06	0.69	0.08	0.56	0.56	0.18	0.04
PTSD symptoms - avoidance
Avoid thoughts	32	12.90%	0.90	0.05	0.63	0.08	0.58	0.10	0.12	0.03
Avoid activities	103	41.53%	0.78	0.07	0.77	0.06	0.49	0.11	0.21	0.05
PTSD symptoms - numbing
Amnesia	88	35.48%	0.50	0.10	0.37	0.07	0.11	0.05	0.03	0.02
Loss of interest	99	39.92%	0.73	0.09	0.43	0.07	0.07	0.05	0.03
Feeling detached	73	29.44%	0.73	0.08	0.27	0.08	0.03	0.03	0.01	0.01
Restricted affect	122	49.19%	0.53	0.09	0.13	0.05	0.10	0.05	0.00	0.00
Foreshortened future	117	47.12%	0.69	0.08	0.33	0.08	0.10	0.06	0.03	0.02
PTSD Symptoms – hyperarousal
Insomnia	48	19.35%	0.90	0.05	0.66	0.08	0.42	0.09	0.06	0.03
Irritability	58	23.39%	0.90	0.05	0.89	0.05	0.45	1.00	0.15	0.05
Difficulty concentrating	54	21.77%	0.81	0.07	0.74	0.06	0.17	0.08	0.05	0.03
Hypervigilance	110	44.35%	0.79	0.07	0.55	0.09	0.19	0.08	0.01	0.01
Startle response	116	46.77%	0.92	0.05	0.71	0.08	0.44	0.09	0.09	0.04
PGD symptoms
Longing or yearning	141	56.85%	0.94	0.05	0.49	0.07	1.00	0.00	0.32	0.05
Difficulty accepting death	92	37.10%	0.90	0.05	0.33	0.10	0.75	0.09	0.08	0.05
Difficulty trusting others	43	17.34%	0.60	0.10	0.13	0.06	0.28	0.09	0.02	0.01
Bitterness	114	45.97%	1.00	0.00	0.37	0.10	1.00	0.00	0.14	0.04
Difficulty moving on	40	16.13%	0.79	0.10	0.02	0.02	0.20	0.07	0.00	0.00
Numbing	29	11.69%	0.71	0.10	0.02	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Emptiness	50	20.16%	0.84	0.09	0.06	0.03	0.38	0.09	0.01	0.01
No meaning	31	12.50%	0.58	0.10	0.02	0.02	0.42	0.07	0.00	0.00
Jumpy	71	28.63%	0.95	0.04	0.29	0.10	0.42	1.00	0.01	0.01

*Values in bold indicate that individuals in this class had a high probability of reporting this symptom (≥0.60).

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ISSN: 1471-244X

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