Table 2 Characteristics of N = 31 studies included in the current meta-analysis
Study; Country | Design* | TotalN(Nin this study**) | Sample type | Sampling method | Anxiety assessment; diagnostic system | Anxiety diagnosis (timeframe) | Anxiety prevalence | Cannabis assessment; diagnostic system | Cannabis use; CUD (timeframe) | Cannabis use/CUD prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agosti et al., 2002; NCS, USA [26] | Cross-sectional | 8098 | General population | Probability | CIDI DSM-III-R | AD (current) | – | CIDI DSM-III-R | Use (past month); CD (lifetime) | – |
Beard et al., 2006; NoRMHS, Australia [27] | Longitudinal | 9191 (1013) | General population | Random | CIDI ICD-10 | PD, SP, OCD (at T1) | 15% (at T1) | CIDI ICD-10 | CUD (at T0) | CUD 3% (at T0) |
Brook et al., 1998; Upstate NY, USA [28] | Longitudinal | 975 (T3 = 745 T4 = 698) | Adolescents- adults | Random | DISC DSM-III-R | SA, OAD, SAD (at T4) | – | DISC DSM-III-R | Never- ≥ weekly (at T3) | Use (at T3): 56% never 9% ≥ weekly |
Brook et al., 2001; Colombia [29] | Longitudinal | 2226 | Adolescents | Random | HSC | AD (at T1, T2) | – | Interview | Non-regular- regular (≥monthly; lifetime) | – |
Buckner et al., 2008; Oregon, USA [30] | Longitudinal | T1 = 1709 T4 = 816 | High school students | Random | K-SADS DSM-III-R | SAD (at T1) | 2% (at T1) | LIFE, SCID-I/NP DSM-IV | CD (at T4) | CD 6% (at T4) |
Buckner & Schmidt, 2008; USA [31] | Cross-sectional | 337 (214) | Undergraduate students | Random | SIAS | Equivalent to SAD | 19% (scores in clinical range) | Questionnaire | Never- frequent (≥weekly; lifetime) | 31% never 32% frequent |
Buckner et al., 2012; USA [32] | Cross-sectional | 343 (200) | Adult tobacco smokers | Random | SIAS | Equivalent to SAD | – | Questionnaire | Never- current (daily; past month) | 19% never 39% current use; 13% current daily |
Cascone et al., 2011; Switzerland [33] | Cross-sectional | 110 | Adolescents in schools/psycho-educational unit | Convenience | STAI-Y B | Trait anxiety | – | ADAD DSM-IV-TR | Use (past month) CD (past 12 months) | Past month: No CD: 94% none CD: 66% daily |
Chabrol et al., 2005; France [34] | Cross-sectional | 212 | High school and college students | Random | STAI A | State anxiety | – | Questionnaire DSM-IV | Past 6 months: None- > daily; CD | 46% none 23% > daily |
Chabrol et al., 2008; France [35] | Cross-sectional | 248 | High school students | Random | STAI A | State anxiety | – | Interview | None- use ≥1× (past 6 months) | 76% none 24% users |
Cheung et al., 2010; CAMH, Canada [36] | Cross-sectional cycles of 2001–2006 survey | 14531 (13478) | General population | Probability | GHQ12 ≥4/12 symptoms | AMD (past 12 months) | 9% (past 12 months) | Interview | None- daily (past 12 months) | – |
Cougle et al., 2011; NCS-R, USA [37] | Cross-sectional | 5672 | General population | Stratified probability | CIDI DSM-IV | PTSD (lifetime) | 7% (lifetime) | CIDI | Never- use ≥1× (lifetime) | 42% users (lifetime) |
Crum et al., 1993; ECA, USA [38] | Longitudinal | 18572 (577) | General population | Probability | DIS DSM-III | OCD (past 12 months) | 1% (past 12 months) | DIS | No use- use ≥6× (past 12 months) | 84% no drug use 9% cannabis |
Degenhardt et al., 2001; NSMHWB, Australia [39] | Cross-sectional | 10641 | General population | Stratified random | CIDI DSM-IV | SAD, AP, PD, GAD, OCD, PTSD (past 12 months) | 6% (past 12 months) | CIDI DSM-IV | Past 12 months: No use- use ≥5×; CD | Past 12 months: 5% users 2% CD |
Degenhardt et al., 2010; VAHCS, Australia [40] | Longitudinal | 1943 (1520, wave 1–8) | High school students | Stratified random | GHQ12 > 2 symptoms (at 24) | AMD (at 24) | 21% (at 24) | Interview | None- weekly+ (past 6 months at 15–17) | 34% users (at 15–17) |
Degenhardt et al., 2013; VAHCS, Australia [41] | Longitudinal | 1943 (1756, wave 1–9) | High school students | Stratified random | CIDI ICD-10 | GAD, SAD, PD, AP (past 12 months at 29) | 11% (at 29) | CIDI ICD-10 | None/<weekly- weekly + (past 6–12 months at 15–29); CD (past 12 months at 29) | Lifetime: 67% none/ <weekly 2% weekly+ 4% CD (at 29) |
Fergusson et al., 1996; CHDS, New Zealand [42] | Longitudinal | 1265 (927) | Adolescents (16 years) | Stratified | DISC/DIS DSM-III-R | GAD, OAD, SA (at 15–16) | 9% (at 15–16) | Interview | None- use (past 12 months at 15–16) | 20% users (at 15–16) |
Hayatbakhsh et al., 2007; MUSP, Australia [43] | Longitudinal | 7223 (3157) | Adult children of mothers in study | Convenience | YASR (resembles DSM-III-R) | AMD (at 21) | – | Interview | Never used drugs- frequent ≤ daily (past month) | 12% frequent |
Lamers et al., 2006; USA [44] | Cross-sectional | 41 (30) | General population | Convenience | BAI | BAI scores | – | Questionnaire urine screen | None (past 12 months)- use ≥10× (lifetime) | 50% non-users 50% users |
Low et al., 2008; USA [45] | Cross-sectional | 632 | Adolescents in primary care | Convenience | PRIME-MD DSM-IV | PD, GAD, AD (past 1–6 months) | 7% (past 1–6 months) | PRIME-MD DSM-IV | CA (past 6 months) | 6% CA |
Martins & Gorelick, 2011; NESARC, USA [46] | Cross-sectional | 43093 | General population | Stratified random | AUDADIS DSM-IV | PD, AP, SP, GAD (lifetime) | 17% (lifetime) | AUDADIS DSM-IV | CA + CD (lifetime) | – |
McGee et al., 2000; DMHDS, New Zealand [47] | Longitudinal | 1037 (891) | Adolescents (at 15) | Convenience | DISC DSM-III | Internalising disorders (AMD; at 15) | 12% (at 15) | Interview | None- use ≥1 (past 12 months) | 14% users (at 15) |
NPMS, UK; appendix, Moore et al., 2007 [10] | Longitudinal | 8580 (1578) | Adults (at 16–74) | Random | CIS-R ≥ 12 | AMD | 11% CIS-R ≥12 | Interview | Use: no/yes (lifetime); CD (past 12 months): no/yes | 16% users 2% CD |
Patton et al., 2002; VAHCS, Australia [48] | Longitudinal | 1943 (1601, wave 1–7) | High school students | Stratified random | CIS-R ≥ 12 at 21 | AMD (at 21) | 16% (at 21) | Interview | None- < weekly (past 6 months at 15–17) | 59% users (lifetime) |
Roberts et al., 2007; TH2K, USA [49] | Cross-sectional | 4175 | Adolescents | Probability | DISC DSM-IV | AP, GAD, PD, SAD, PTSD (past 12 months) | 7% (past 12 months) | DISC DSM-IV | CUD (past 12 months) | 3% CUD (past 12 months) |
Swift et al., 2008; VAHCS, Australia [50] | Longitudinal | 1943 (1520, wave 1–8) | High school students | Stratified random | CIS-R > 11 | AMD (at 15–17) | – | Interview, CIDI DSM-IV | Past 12 months at 24: None- weekly+; CD | 28% weekly+ at 24 who used at 15-17 |
van der Pol et al., 2013; CanDep + NEMESIS-2, Netherlands [51] | Cross-sectional | 1324: D+: 252 N2: 1072 | General population/ ‘coffee shop’ users (18–30) | Stratified random; convenience/chain-referral | CIDI DSM-IV | SAD, PD, GAD, AP (past 12 months) | 8% (past 12 months) | CIDI DSM-IV | No CD (group N2; none or <3×/week use)- CD (D+; use ≥3×/week) (past 12 months) | 16% CD (past 12 months) |
Van Laar et al., 2007; NEMESIS, Netherlands [52] | Longitudinal | T0: 7076 T2: 4848 | General population | Probability | CIDI DSM-III-R | PD, AP, SAD, SP, GAD, OCD (3-year incidence, T0-T2) | 6% (at T0-T2) | CIDI DSM-III-R | No use- use >5× (lifetime at T0) | – |
Wittchen et al., 2007; EDSP, Germany [53] | Longitudinal | T0: 1395 T3: 1019 (1310) | General population | Random | CIDI DSM-IV | PD, GAD, AP, SAD, SP, SA, OCD, PTSD (at T0) | 23% (at T0) | CIDI DSM-IV | Use: no/yes (lifetime); CUD (lifetime) | Lifetime: 54% use 13% CUD |
Zvolensky et al., 2006; CSHS, USA [54] | Cross-sectional | 4745 | General population | Stratified random | DIS DSM-IV-TR | PA (lifetime) | 6% (lifetime) | DIS DSM-IV-TR | Lifetime: No use- use ≥5×; CD | Lifetime: 25% users 1% CD |
Zvolensky et al., 2010; NCS-R, USA [55] | Cross-sectional | 5672 | General population | Stratified probability | CIDI DSM-IV | PD (lifetime) | 6% (lifetime) | CIDI | None- use ≥1× (lifetime) | 42% users (lifetime) |