Table 2 Training to improve sociocognitive deficits
DRILL AND STRATEGY | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors | Targeted deficits | Type of training | Measured variables | Results | Control and samples |
[85] | Social context appraisal | Social cognition enhancement training (SCET) and standard psychiatric rehab | Perceptual organization and sequencing in social contexts, emotion recognition | In SCET, some variables improved after 2 months, others after 6 months | Control group N = 34 |
[86] | Social cognition deficits | social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) and Control: coping skills groups | Emotion and social perception, theory of mind, attributional style, cognitive flexibility, and social relationships | Improved in all sociocogntive measures. Better self-reported social relationships | Control group N = 28 |
[87] | Emotion perception, attributional style, and theory of mind | SCIT and coping skills groups | Facial emotion identification and discrimination, social perception, theory of mind, attributional style and ambiguity, cognitive flexibility | Improvement in all aspects for participants in SCIT | Control group N = 18 |
[88] | Social cue recognition | Vigilance+memory training or vigilance alone | Social cue recognition | Better recognition of social cues in vigilance+memory | Control group N = 40 |
[89] | Emotional intelligence | Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) and enriched supportive therapy (EST) | Emotional Intelligence | CET group improved in emotional intelligence | Control group N = 38 |
[90] | Learning and interpretation of social situations | Stimulus identification, interpretation of images and assignment of title | Sustained and selective attention, functional outcome, social perception | Improvement in all variables in therapy group, maintained at 6 months | Control group N = 18 |
[91] | Perception and interpretation of social situations | Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) | Social perception, attention, psychopathology and social functioning | IPT improved social perception. No differences in attention or symptoms between groups | Control group N = 20 |
[92] | Emotion perception | Emotion Management Training (EMT) or problem-solving | Emotion perception in self and others, social adjustment, coping strategies, psychopathology | EMT improved emotion perception, social adjustment and psychopathology. At 4 month follow up, gains maintained in social adjustment and psychopathology only | Control group N = 22 |
[93] | Social cognitive skills | Presentations, group practice and training exercises | Facial emotion identification, social perception, attributional style, theory of mind, speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal and visual learning, reasoning, problem-solving and social cognition | Improvement in facial affect perception only | Control group N = 31 |
[94] | Social cognitive deficits | Socio-cognitive skills training (SCST) Other conditions 1: Cognitive Remediation (CR) 2: standardm illness management skills training, 3: Hybrid treatment that combined elements of SCST and neurocognitive remediation | Emotional processing, social perception, attributional bias, and mentalizing | The SCST group demonstrated greater improvements over time than comparison groups in the social cognitive domain of emotional processing, including improvement in measures of facial affect perception and emotion management. | Control group N = 68 |
[95] | Theory of Mind (ToM) | Analyses and reasoning about social interaction scenes | ToM, symptoms, psychopathology, attribution | Slight improvement in ToM (not significant) in training group from first to second training session. No improvement in symptoms | Control group N = 14 |
[96] | Emotion perception | CR and computerized Emotion Perception intervention compared with CR only | Emotion recognition, emotion discrimination, personal and social performance (also neurocognition) | Combined CR with emotion perception remediation produced greater improvements in emotion recognition, emotion discrimination, social functioning, and neurocognition | Control group N = 59 |
[97] | Emotion recognition and ToM | Emotion and ToM Imitation Training and problem-solving | Psychopathology, symptoms, emotion recognition, ToM, neurocognition, flexibility, social functioning, attribution, neurophysiological activation | Training improved sociocognition (strongest was emotion recognition) and social functioning | Control group N = 32 |
[98] | Social cognition | State reasoning training for social cognitive impairment (SOCog-MSRT) | Theory of mind, Social understanding, Inference of complex mental states from the eyes Working memory, IQ | Improvement in ability to reason causally about false beliefs, to infer complex mental states from the eyes, and to intuitively understand social situations. However individuals with poorer working memory and lower premorbid IQ did not benefit | None N = 14 |
[99] | Social cognition | SCIT | Emotion perception, attributional style and theory of mind | Improved emotion perception, improved theory of mind, and a reduced tendency to attribute hostile intent to others | None N = 17 |
[100] | Emotion perception, ToM and social skills | SCIT and Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) | Emotion perception, theory of mind, attributional style, social skills in role-play | SCIT+TAU improved emotion perception but improvements on theory of mind inconsistent | Control group N = 31 |
[101] | Visual attention and facial emotion perception | CR and repeated exposure | Emotion recognition | Improvements in pre-post- means for CRT and maintained one month post-training | Control group N = 40 |
[102] | Emotion recognition and social perception | Social Cognitive Training Program and TAU | Emotion recognition, psychopathology, social functioning, social perception | Training improved social perception between group but no improvement in emotion recognition | Control group N = 14 |
[103] | Emotional communication, (Perception of facial emotional expression) | Computerized emotion training program | Identification of emotions, differentiation of facial emotions, working memory | Compared to baseline significantly better at identification of facial emotions. No changes in differentiation of facial emotions and working memory | None N = 20 |
[104] | Social cognition and quality of life | Family-social-cognition and social stimulation (F-SCIT) | Memory, visual-spatial scanning, divided attention, inhibition, emotion perception, theory of mind, empathy, reasoning, attributional style, insight, social functioning, quality of life | F-SCIT improved social withdrawal, interpersonal communications, prosocial activities, independence/competence, theory of mind, emotion perception | Control group N = 52 |
[105] | Social and emotion perception | CR | Emotion and general perception, attention, memory, executive functioning, visual processing, cognitive flexibility and interference | Improvement of emotion perception and executive functioning, other areas of neurocognition not affected | Placebo group N = 42 |
DRILL AND PRACTICE | |||||
[106] | Deficits in facial affect recognition | Training of affect recognition (TAR) Controls groups: (TAU or CR) | Facial affect recognition, face recognition, and neurocognitive performance | Patients under TAR (but not CRT or TAU) significantly improved in facial affect recognition. Patients under CRT improved in verbal memory functions. | Control groups N = 77 |
[107] | Prosodic affect recognition, theory of mind | Training of Affect Recognition (TAR) and CR | Facial affect recognition, prosodic affect recognition, theory of mind, social competence in role-play | Larger pre- post- improvements on TAR for all variables | Control group N = 38 |