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Table 1 Associated factors regarding nocturnal awakening by univariate logistical regression models (N = 20 505)

From: Frequent nocturnal awakening in children: prevalence, risk factors, and associations with subjective sleep perception and daytime sleepiness

Variables (n, %)

Prevalence of nocturnal awakening n (%)

Univariate regression models OR (95% CI)

Pvalue

Demographic characteristics

 Age (years)

  

<.001

  5-6 (2534, 12.4%)

196 (7.7)

1.00

 

  7- (3781, 18.6%)

343 (9.1)

1.19 (0.99-1.43)

.063

  8- (3817, 18.7%)

351 (9.2)

1.18 (0.98-1.42)

.074

  9- (3781, 18.2%)

377 (10.0)

1.32 (1.10-1.58)

.002

  10- (3703, 17.1%)

370 (10.0)

1.32 (1.10-1.58)

003

  11- (2762, 13.6%)

298 (10.9)

1.44 (1.19-1.74)

<.001

 Gender (%)

   

  Boys (10095, 49.5%)

1005 (10.0)

1.13 (1.03-1.24)

.013

  Girls (10306, 50.5%)

921 (8.9)

1.00

 

 Ethnicity

   

  Han ethnic group (19346, 94.9%)

1809 (9.4)

1.00

 

  Minority ethnic group (1038, 5.1%)

114 (11.0)

1.20 (0.98-1.46)

.080

Socioeconomic characteristics

 Family income

  

<.001

  <800 (3903, 19.3%)

567 (14.5)

2.57 (2.22-2.98)

<.001

  800-2500 (11460, 56.6%)

1033 (9.0)

1.50 (1.31-1.71)

<.001

  ≥2500 (4902, 24.2%)

304 (6.2)

1.00

 

 Family structure

  

<.001

  Single parent family (1081, 5.3%)

150 (13.9)

1.53 (1.27-1.83)

<.001

  Large family (6478, 31.7%)

551 (8.5)

0.88 (0.79-0.98)

.019

  Nuclear family (12852, 63.0%)

1226 (9.5)

1.00

 

 Mather’s education level

  

<.001

  Low (5687, 28.2%)

853 (15.0)

2.91 (2.58-3.28)

<.001

  Medium (6716, 33.3%)

589 (8.8)

1.58 (1.39-1.80)

<.001

  High (7741, 38.4%)

443 (5.7)

1.00

 

 Father’s education level

  

<.001

  Low (4884, 24.0%)

764 (15.6)

2.86 (2.54-3.22)

<.001

  Medium (6969, 34.2%)

639 (9.2)

1.56 (1.38-1.76)

<.001

  High (8538, 41.9%)

520 (6.1)

1.00

 

Biological chronic health problems

 Overweight/obesity

   

  Yes (4119, 20.6%)

660 (16.2)

1.87 (1.42-2.48)

<.001

  No (15878, 79.4%)

1471 (9.3)

1.00

 

 Chronic pain during night

   

  Yes (1362, 6.7%)

299 (22.0)

3.03 (2.64-3.47)

<.001

  No (18995, 93.3%)

1616 (8.5)

1.00

 

 History of ADHD diagnosis

   

  Yes (921, 4.5%)

151 (16.4)

1.95 (1.63-2.34)

<.001

  No (19568, 95.5%)

1787 (9.1)

1.00

 

 Chronic respiratory condition

   

  Yes (7000, 34.2%)

754 (10.8)

1.26 (1.14-1.39)

<.001

  No (13457, 65.8%)

1178 (8.8)

1.00

 

 Food/drug allergy

   

  Yes (1160, 5.7%)

122 (10.5)

1.13 (0.93-1.38)

.046

  No (19331, 94.3%)

1816 (9.4)

1.00

 

Psychosocial condition

 Poor mental and emotional condition

   

  Yes (6856, 33.4%)

844 (12.3)

1.61 (1.46-1.77)

<.001

  No (13649, 66.6%)

1097 (8.0)

1.00

 

 Poor peer acceptance/social functioning

   

  Yes (5685, 27.7%)

663 (11.7)

1.40 (1.27-1.55)

<.001

  No (14820, 72.3%)

1278 (8.6)

1.00

 

 Poor parenthood

   

  Yes (6495, 31.7%)

762 (11.7)

1.45 (1.31-1.59)

<.001

  No (14010, 68.35%)

1179 (8.4)

1.00

 

Sleep environments

 Sleep arrangements

  

.215

  Bed-sharing (4817, 23.5%)

477 (9.9)

1.09 (0.97-1.22)

.145

  Room-sharing (3035, 14.8%)

302 (10.0)

1.09 (0.96-1.25)

.192

  Sleeping alone (12653, 61.7%)

1162 (9.2)

1.00

 

 Bedroom intrusive noise

   

  Yes (861, 4.2%)

112 (13.0)

1.46 (1.19-1.79)

<.001

  No (19577, 95.8%)

1821 (9.3)

1.00

 

 Bedroom intrusive light

   

  Yes (2173, 10.6%)

279 (13.0)

1.51 (1.32-1.72)

<.001

  No (17880, 89.4%)

1660 (9.1)

1.00

 

Bedtime hygiene

 Having drinks with caffeine after 6:00 pm

   

  Usually/often (7935, 38.8%)

892 (11.2)

1.39 (1.27-1.53)

<.001

  Occasionally/never (12512, 61.2%)

1043 (8.3)

1.00

 

 Dong exciting activities before bedtime

   

  Usually/often (6092, 29.8%)

758 (12.4)

1.59 (1.44-1.75)

<.001

  Occasionally/never (14331, 70.2%)

1179 (8.2)

1.00

 

 Bedtime resistance

   

  Yes (14421, 71.7%)

1528 (10.6)

1.65 (1.47-1.85)

<.001

  No (5690, 28.3%)

382 (6.7)

1.00

 

 Irregular bedtime

   

  Yes (5952, 29.1%)

653 (11.0)

1.27 (1.15-1.40)

<.001

  No (14518, 70.8%)

1285 (8.9)

1.00

 

Family history of insomnia

 Grandparents’ history of insomnia

   

  Yes (1778, 8.7%)

179 (10.1)

1.08 (0.92-1.27)

.365

  No (18727, 91.3%)

1762 (9.4)

1.00

 

 Parents’ history of insomnia

   

  Yes (3369, 16.4%)

455 (13.5)

1.64 (1.47-1.84)

<.001

  No (17136, 83.6%)

1486 (8.7)

1.00

 
  1. Family income was expressed in RMB (yuan)/person/month.
  2. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.