Study | Methods | Results (values are given as mean ± SD) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Hullin et al. [10] | Comparative study | Mean duration of lithium treatment; 8.3 ± 2.8 years | GFR assessed by creatinine clearance |
Lithium group; 30 patients | GFR of lithium group; 61.1 ± 30.2 ml/min | ||
Control group; age and gender matched 30 psychiatric patients not on lithium | GFR of controls; 81.3 ± 52.0 ml/min | ||
Bendz et al. [11] | Comparative study | Mean duration of lithium treatment; 5.7 ± 2.7 years | GFR assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance was taken for meta-analysis |
lithium group; 32 patients | GFR of lithium group; 90 ml/min | ||
Control group; 32 age and gender matched psychiatric patients not on lithium | GFR of controls; 94 ml/min | ||
Hetmar et al. [13] | Comparative study | Mean duration of lithium treatment; 10 years | GFR assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance was taken for meta-analysis |
lithium group; 32 patients | GFR of lithium group; 88.8 ± 18.0 ml/min | When corrected for the age difference, there was no significant difference between the GFR of two groups | |
Control group; 53 non matched patients with affective disorders not on lithium | GFR of controls; 101.4 ± 21.6 ml/min | ||
Bendz et al. [12] | Comparative study | Mean duration of lithium treatment; 18 years | GFR assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance |
lithium group; 13 patients | GFR of lithium group; 69 ± 4 ml/min | ||
Control group; 13 age and gender matched psychiatric patients not on lithium | GFR of controls; 78 ± 4 ml/min | ||
Coskunol et al. [14] | Comparative study | Mean duration of lithium treatment; 4.5 ± 3.9 years | This is the only study that showed the lithium group to have a higher GFR value. However, the numbers in control group were few and they were not matched for cases. |
lithium group; 107 patients | GFR of lithium group; 86.5 ± 21.6 ml/min | GFR assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance | |
Control group; 29 psychiatric patients not on lithium and without bipolar affective disorder | GFR of controls; 83.9 ± 20.5 ml/min | ||
Turan et al. [15] | Comparative study | Mean duration of Lithium treatment (for long term users); 6.6 ± 2.0 years | GFR assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance |
Lithium group; 20 patients (10 as short term users and 10 as long term users) | GFR of long term lithium group; 72.8 ± 30.9 ml/min | Considering the average duration of lithium use in other studies of the meta-analysis, long term lithium users were the appropriate group to include in the analysis in our opinion. | |
Long term users had a duration of use more than 3 years | GFR of controls; 125.3 ± 18.1 ml/min | (please also see the comments in discussion) | |
Control group; 10 lithium naïve unmatched patients with bipolar affective disorder | |||
Tredget et al. [16] | Comparative study | Mean duration of Lithium treatment; 15.6 ± 6.4 years | GFR was estimated with the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study formula using the serum creatinine value and other parameters |
Lithium group; 61 patients | eGFR of long term lithium group; 66.1 ± 15.5 ml/min | ||
Control group; 53 non lithium using patients with affective disorders | eGFR of controls; 75 ± 16.7 ml/min | ||
Bocchetta et al. [6] | Comparative study | Duration of lithium treatment; range – 1 to 33 years (mean duration not given), majority were users for more than 10 years according to a figure quoted in article | GFR was estimated with the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study formula using the serum creatinine value and other parameters |
Lithium group; 139 patients with bipolar affective disorder | Mean difference of eGFR between cases and controls were; -12 ml/min (95% CI; -17.5 to 6.5 ml/min) | ||
Control group; non matched 70 patients with affective disorders not on lithium, regression analysis used to control for confounding factors | |||
Rodrigo et al. (This study) | Comparative study | Mean duration of lithium treatment (for long term users); 10.1 ± 7.6 years | GFR was estimated with the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study formula using the serum creatinine value and other parameters |
lithium group; 47 patients with bipolar affective disorder | eGFR of lithium group; 79.7 ± 22.6 ml/min | ||
Control group; 47 people without a psychiatric illness matched for age, gender and comorbidities (diabetes and hypertension) | eGFR of controls; 89.3 ± 21.3 ml/min |