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Table 1 Mental comorbidity in adolescents with hypomania spectrum episodes or major depressive disorder (MDD) and in non-mood controls

From: Hypomania spectrum disorder in adolescence: a 15-year follow-up of non-mood morbidity in adulthood

Comorbid diagnoses in adolescence (<18 years)

Full-syndromal hypomaniaan = 40 (%)

All hypomania spectrum n = 90 (%)

MDD n = 197 (%)

Controls n = 229 (%)

OR (95% CI)ball hypomania vs. MDD

OR (95% CI)ball hypomania vs. controls

Separation anxiety disorder

20 (50)

32 (36)

77 (39)

26 (11)

0.88 (052–1.48)

4.49 (2.46-8.18)***

Avoidant disorder

7 (18)

14 (16)

23 (12)

4 (2)

1.42 (0.69-2.95)

10.10 (3.21-31.74)***

Overanxious disorder

16 (40)

27 (30)

74 (38)

10 (4)

0.71 (0.41-1.22)

9.42 (4.31-20.58)***

Panic disorder

5 (13)

12 (13)

26 (13)

2 (1)

1.09 (0.52-2.30)

19.96 (4.33-91.94)***

OCD

18 (45)

26 (29)

47 (24)

10 (4)

1.30 (073–2.29)

9.23 (4.20-20.28)***

PTSD

2 (5)

3 (3)

11 (6)

1 (0)

0.57 (0.15-2.11)

7.96 (0.81-78.26)

Psychotic symptoms

4 (10)

9 (10)

6 (3)

-

3.67 (1.25-10.82)*

- 1

Anorexia nervosa

-

-

10 (5)

1 (0)

- 1

- 1

Bulimia nervosa

-

1 (1)

3 (2)

-

0.88 (0.09-8.64)

- 1

ADHD

8 (20)

13 (14)

20 (10)

2 (1)

1.24 (0.57-2.70)

17.70 (3.87-80.85)***

CD

12 (30)

29 (32)

39 (20)

10 (4)

1.71 (0.96-3.05)

10.24 (4.72-22.23)***

ODD

4 (10)

8 (9)

20 (10)

2 (1)

0.91 (0.38-2.18)

11.55 (2.39-55.85)**

Drug/sniffing/alcohol abuse

5 (13)

12 (13)

16 (8)

2 (1)

1.56 (0.69-3.52)

18.17 (3.96-83.42)***

Any comorbidity

34 (85)

70 (78)

157 (80)

58 (25)

0.89 (0.48-1.65)

10.56 (5.88-18.97)***

  1. * <0.05; ** <0.01; *** < 0.001.
  2. aFull-syndromal hypomania is included in all hypomania spectrum, but is also presented separately for transparency.
  3. bAll p-values adjusted for sex in a logistic regression model.
  4. 1Adjustment for sex was not possible owing to missing symptoms in comparison group.
  5. MDD: Major Depression; OCD: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD: Conduct disorder; ODD: Oppositional defiant disorder; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.