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Table 3 Studies of clinical practice
| Incidents | Physical restraint | IV:IM | Drug of choice | Frequency of use | mean dose in mg (range) | Second injection | Complications / comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK 1997 [20] | 3.3 / week / 100,000 catchment area population ~5 people per week | 64% (nurses) | 1:1 | Diazepam | Most frequent | 27 (10–80) | 1 hypotention | |
| Haloperidol | (exact data not presented) | 22 (10–60) | 26% | 1 cardiorespiratory arrest (60 mg haloperidol + 80 mg DZ) | ||||
| Chlorpromazine | 162 (50–400) | 1 tachycardia, 1 hypotention | ||||||
| Droperidol | 14 (10–20) | |||||||
| Paraldehyde | 1 respiratory distress | |||||||
| Amytal | ||||||||
| Lorazepam | ||||||||
| Nitrazepam | Least frequent | |||||||
| France 1999 [18] | 5.6 / 1000 contacts | 86% (nurses) | 0:80 | Loxapine | 80% | 200 mg | 2 with acute dystonia | |
| Droperidol | 5% | |||||||
| Chlorazepate | 5% | |||||||
| Cyamemazine | < 2% | 6% | Mostly people with substance abuse | |||||
| Diazepam | ||||||||
| Sultopride | ||||||||
| Meprobamate | ||||||||
| Brazil 2000 [13] | 2.1 / week / 100,000 catchment area population ~74 people per week | Majority (restraints and nurses) | 0:74 | Haloperidol + promethazine | 61% | 5 (2.5–10) + 50 (25–100) | 0% | |
| Haloperidol + Promethazine + Diazepam | 15% | 5 (2.5–10) + 50 (25–100) + 10 | ||||||
| Diazepam | 9% | 10 | ||||||
| Haloperidol + Promethazine + Chlorpromazine | 7% | 5 + 50 + 25 | ||||||
| Chlorpromazine + Diazepam + Promethazine | 1% | 25 + 10 | ||||||
| Chlorpromazine + Promethanzine | 1% | 25 + 50 | ||||||
| Chlorpromazine | 1% | 25 | ||||||
| Diazepam + Promethazine | 1% | 10 + 5 | ||||||
| Haloperidol + Diazepam | 1% | 5 + 10 | ||||||
| Promethazine | 1% | 50 |
