Bipolar disorder and dopamine dysfunction: an indirect approach focusing on tardive movement syndromes in a naturalistic setting

Table 4 Associations between incident TDD and various dichotomous clinical factors during a period of 2 years (n = 3104).

	TDD rate exposed			TDD rate non-exposed
Clinical factor	N	Person years^a	Rate (%)	N	Person years	Rate (%)	HR adjusted (95% CI)	HR unadjusted (95% CI)	Sensitivity analyses (HR adjusted) 95% CI)^b
Sexual dysfunction	44	505	8.7	84	2637	3.2	2.68 (1.72, 4.16)*	2.72 (2.20, 3.37)*	2.61 (1.56, 4.39)*
Amenorrhea	11	126	8.7	107	2810	3.8	2.54 (2.10, 3.09)*	2.38 (1.74, 3.26)*	2.48 (1.83, 3.36)*
Extra-pyramidal symptoms	89	273	32.6	40	2875	1.4	13.94 (6.90, 28.19)*	17.20 (9.11, 32.47)*	17.79 (6.70, 47.26)*
FGA use vs no AP	31	287	10.8	9	768	1.2	2.64 (1.94, 3.60)*	2.64 (1.97, 3.53)*	2.32 (1.66, 3.24)*
SGA use vs no AP	69	1902	3.6	9	768	1.2	2.18 (1.20, 3.97)†	2.16 (1.02, 4.54)†	1.50 (0.79, 2.85)

*P ≤ 0.001; †P ≤ 0.05 N = min. 1143 (as amenorrhea analysis was limited to women), max. 2025 for the adjusted analyses; n = min. 1606, max. 2953 for the unadjusted analyses. ^aPerson years in follow-up. For instance, for sexual dysfunction, the patients included in the analyses contributed (505 + 2637=) 3142 years of follow-up time. 44 patients that developed TDD presented with comorbid sexual dysfunction (rate of 8.7%). 84 patients that developed TDD did not present with comorbid sexual dysfunction (rate of 3.2%). ^bSensitivity analyses were conducted with a stricter criterion for incidence TDD; a stricter risk set was defined as the sample of patients free from dystonia or TD at baseline as well as at visit 2 (one week post-baseline). Consequently, person-years included in this table do not hold for the sensitivity analyses.

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