Seeking informal and formal help for mental health problems in the community: a secondary analysis from a psychiatric morbidity survey in South London

Brown, June SL; Evans-Lacko, Sara; Aschan, Lisa; Henderson, Max J; Hatch, Stephani L; Hotopf, Matthew

doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0275-y

Table 4 Logistic regression analyses comparing informal (only) help users with formal help users (N = 666)

From: Seeking informal and formal help for mental health problems in the community: a secondary analysis from a psychiatric morbidity survey in South London

		Informal only		Unadjusted			Adjusted^‡
	N	n	%	OR	(95% CI)	p	OR	(95% CI)	p
*Socio-demographic and SES*
Gender						0.991			0.958
Male	231	130	55.9	1.0			1.0
Female	435	247	55.8	1.0	(0.7-1.4)		1.0	(0.7-1.5)
Age						0.013			0.555
16-25	167	108	64.2	1.0			1.0
26-40	241	141	58.7	0.8	(0.5-1.2)		0.7	(0.4-1.2)
41-55	164	80	48.3	0.5	(0.3-0.8)		0.5	(0.3-0.9)
56 or older	94	48	51.4	0.6	(0.3-1.0)		0.9	(0.5-1.9)
Ethnic group						0.528			0.323
White	422	231	54.3	1.0			1.0
Black Caribbean	59	34	55.7	1.1	(0.6-1.9)		0.8	(0.4-1.6)
Black African	78	46	56.1	1.1	(0.6-1.8)		0.6	(0.3-1.2)
Asian	27	20	72.4	2.2	(0.9-5.5)		1.3	(0.4-3.9)
Other	78	45	58.7	1.2	(0.7-2.0)		1.4	(0.8-2.5)
Relationship status						0.653			0.597
Married/cohabitating	265	154	56.9	1.0			1.0
Non-married/cohabitating*	401	223	55.1	0.9	(0.7-1.3)		0.9	(0.6-1.3)
Migration status						0.189			0.415
Non-migrant	382	206	53.8	1.0			1.0
Migrant	280	170	59.2	1.2	(0.9-1.7)		1.2	(0.8-1.8)
Employment						0.006			0.145
Employed	335	210	62.0	1.0			1.0
Unemployed	88	41	46.6	0.5	(0.3-0.9)		0.8	(0.4-1.4)
Student	103	63	60.4	0.9	(0.6-1.5)		0.7	(0.4-1.3)
Other	136	61	46.2	0.5	(0.3-0.8)		0.5	(0.3-0.9)
Education						0.022			0.910
No qualifications	81	37	46.1	0.6	(0.3-1.0)		0.9	(0.5-1.9)
GCSE	145	78	53.5	0.8	(0.5-1.1)		1.0	(0.6-1.8)
A-level	176	100	56.6	0.9	(0.6-1.3)		1.1	(0.7-1.8)
Degree or above	264	162	60.4	1.0			1.0
Annual household income						<0.001			0.176
£0-5,475	67	20	32.0	0.3	(0.2-0.6)		0.5	(0.2-1.0)
£5,476-12,097	93	48	51.6	0.7	(0.4-1.2)		1.0	(0.5-1.9)
£12,098-20,753	79	49	60.2	1.0	(0.6-1.8)		1.3	(0.7-2.4)
£20,754-31,494	70	43	60.7	1.1	(0.6-1.9)		1.2	(0.6-2.1)
£31,495 or more	261	156	59.2	1.0			1.0
*Clinical indicators*
CMD (CIS-R score)						<0.001			<0.001
No CMD (<12)	383	250	63.8	1.0			1.0
CMD (12-18)	122	66	53.5	0.7	(0.4-1.0)		0.6	(0.4-1.0)
Symptoms likely to require treatment (≥18)	159	60	39.5	0.4	(0.2-0.6)		0.4	(0.3-0.7)
Any CIS-R primary diagnosis						<0.001			0.002
No	350	231	64.0	1.0			1.0
Yes	314	145	47.1	0.5	(0.4-0.7)		0.6	(0.4-0.8)
Non-specified neurotic disorder						0.223			0.252
No	602	336	55.0	1.0			1.0
Yes	62	40	63.8	1.4	(0.8-2.6)		1.5	(0.7-3.0)
Generalised anxiety disorder						0.175			0.344
No	613	352	56.6	1.0			1.0
Yes	51	24	46.3	0.7	(0.4-1.2)		0.7	(0.4-1.4)
Phobia (any)						0.847			0.855
No	635	359	55.7	1.0			1.0
Yes	29	17	57.6	1.1	(0.5-2.3)		1.1	(0.4-2.8)
Depression						<0.001			<0.001
No	517	325	61.4	1.0			1.0
Yes	147	51	37.1	0.4	(0.3-0.5)		0.4	(0.2-0.6)
Other primary CIS-R diagnosis ^†						0.952			0.895
No	639	363	55.8	1.0			1.0
Yes	25	13	56.4	1.0	(0.4-2.3)		0.9	(0.4-2.3)
Suicidal ideation						<0.001			<0.001
No	604	363	59.0	1.0			1.0
Yes	59	12	21.9	0.2	(0.1-0.4)		0.2	(0.1-0.4)
Hazardous alcohol use						0.856			0.484
No	502	290	56.0	1.0			1.0
Yes	161	85	55.2	1.0	(0.7-1.4)		1.2	(0.8-1.8)
Drug use (past year)						0.882			0.879
No	481	273	55.7	1.0			1.0
Yes	183	103	56.4	1.0	(0.7-1.5)		1.0	(0.7-1.6)
Long-standing illness						<0.001			0.003
No	362	238	64.9	1.0			1.0
Yes	300	137	46.8	0.5	(0.3-0.7)		0.5	(0.4-0.8)
No. ADL problems						0.269			0.305
<3	630	360	56.5	1.0			1.0
≥3	29	13	45.5	0.6	(0.3-1.4)		0.6	(0.2-1.6)
Self-rated health						<0.001			0.024
Good or better	493	303	60.8	1.0			1.0
Fair or poor	169	73	43.9	0.5	(0.4-0.7)		0.6	(0.4-0.9)
Functional limits due to emotional health						<0.001			<0.001
No	433	272	61.5	1.0			1.0
Yes	169	102	46.3	0.5	(0.4-0.8)		0.5	(0.3-0.8)
*Social support*
Someone to talk to						0.174			0.456
No	433	18	44.5	1.0			1.0
Yes	225	353	56.3	1.6	(0.8-3.2)		1.4	(0.6-3.5)
Someone to make you feel cared for						0.172			0.521
No	39	17	44.6	1.0			1.0
Yes	620	356	56.6	1.6	(0.8-3.2)		1.4	(0.5-3.6)

Frequencies show actual counts, percentages and regression analyses have been weighted.
Counts may not add up due to missing values.
p-values for age, education, income and CMD test for trends.
*Non-married/cohabitating category include single, divorced/separated, and widowed relationship status.
^†Other category includes obsessive compulsive disorder (n = 2), panic disorder (n = 7), and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (n = 16).
^‡Socio-demographic and socio-economic indicators adjustfor each other, without including clinical indicators or social support variables in the model. Clinical indicators and social support variables are tested in separate models adjusting for all socio-demographic and SES indicators. These models use adjust for age using the continuous measure.
SES, socio-economic status; CMD, Common Mental Disorder; CIS-R Clinical Interview Schedule revised; ADL, activities in daily life.

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