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Table 3 Factors associated with treatment initiation at baseline

From: Patient characteristics associated with treatment initiation among paediatric patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in a naturalistic setting in Central Europe and East Asia

 

All

East Asia only

Central Europe only

Interaction with region

Baseline factors

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

P-value

Age

1.14

1.04, 1.24

0.005*

1.17

1.04, 1.31

0.009*

1.04

0.89, 1.21

0.599

0.227

Age at first symptoms

1.00

0.91, 1.10

0.995

0.97

0.85, 1.10

0.633

1.02

0.87, 1.19

0.835

0.622

Being male

1.24

0.74, 2.07

0.421

1.95

1.02, 3.73

0.043*

0.46

0.16, 1.33

0.154

0.034*

Being from East Asia

0.87

0.56, 1.36

0.533

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Having birth problems

1.86

1.14, 3.02

0.013*

1.76

0.90, 3.45

0.099

1.74

0.79, 3.80

0.167

0.662

Family history of ADHD

1.08

0.71, 1.63

0.730

1.23

0.71, 2.14

0.463

0.94

0.47, 1.88

0.856

0.948

Higher CGI-ADHD-S scores

1.32

1.07, 1.63

0.010*

1.61

1.19, 2.17

0.002*

1.02

0.73, 1.43

0.915

0.185

Higher CSI-4 scores

1.03

1.01, 1.05

0.013*

1.02

0.99, 1.05

0.189

1.04

1.01, 1.07

0.022*

0.877

Having a working mother

0.60

0.38, 0.94

0.026*

0.68

0.38, 1.22

0.199

0.47

0.21, 1.05

0.066

0.291

Parental psychological distress

1.20

0.80, 1.81

0.376

0.64

0.38, 1.09

0.103

4.33

1.91, 9.81

<0.001*

<0.001*

Being truant§

1.47

0.56, 3.82

0.434

2.22

0.44, 11.14

0.334

1.83

0.49, 6.77

0.368

0.428

Being involved in bullying (as a bully)§

0.55

0.36, 0.85

0.007*

0.82

0.47, 1.44

0.491

0.27

0.13, 0.60

0.001*

0.674

Primary care visit for behavioural problems§

1.69

0.86, 3.34

0.130

1.90

0.81, 4.49

0.141

1.28

0.36, 4.61

0.702

0.912

Being invited to social activity§

1.23

0.83, 1.82

0.309

1.39

0.83, 2.33

0.216

1.27

0.64, 2.52

0.496

0.019*

  1. OR > 1 indicates a positive association with treatment initiation. The models included patient age, gender, age at first symptoms, region, birth problems, a family history of ADHD, and CGI-ADHD-S score. The rest of the variables were also included as they appeared to be significant at p < 0.1 in simple regressions with the whole sample. The same list of the variables were also included in the subgroup analyses by region, except for the variable “region”.
  2. These p-values are for the interactions between region and each specific variable taken from the models that included region, each specific variable, and their “interaction” term.
  3. §Behaviour in the 4 weeks before baseline.
  4. *The asterisks (*) indicate p-values of <0.05.
  5. Abbreviations: ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, CGI-ADHD-S Clinical Global Impressions-ADHD-Severity, CSI-4 Child Symptom Inventory-4 Parent Checklist, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.