Patient characteristic | Lithium (n=21194) | Valproate (n=21194) | Standardized difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
Demographics | |||||
Age ≥50 years olda | 10244 | 48.3 | 10156 | 47.9 | 0.008 |
Sex (Female)b,c | 2894 | 13.7 | 2934 | 13.8 | 0.005 |
Race, White b | 16748 | 79.0 | 16793 | 79.2 | 0.005 |
Race, Black b | 2825 | 13.3 | 2770 | 13.1 | 0.008 |
Married | 7416 | 35.0 | 7298 | 34.4 | 0.012 |
State Suicide Rate, 3 rd quintile b | 3305 | 15.6 | 3251 | 15.3 | 0.007 |
Presenting Diagnosis d (Past 30 days) | |||||
Bipolar I Disorder b | 9562 | 45.1 | 9683 | 45.7 | 0.011 |
Bipolar Disorder, | 1643 | 7.8 | 1661 | 7.8 | 0.003 |
 Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) b |  |  |  |  |  |
Depressive Disorder, | 4214 | 19.9 | 4129 | 19.5 | 0.010 |
 Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) b |  |  |  |  |  |
Schizophrenia b | 924 | 4.4 | 949 | 4.5 | 0.006 |
Other Psychosis b | 252 | 1.2 | 255 | 1.2 | 0.001 |
Additional Psychiatric Diagnoses (Past Year) | |||||
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) b | 4842 | 22.8 | 4749 | 22.4 | 0.010 |
Alcohol Dependence | 4426 | 20.9 | 4478 | 21.1 | 0.006 |
Recent Suicidal Behavior Diagnoses (past 30d, by location where diagnosed) | |||||
Nonmental Health Hospital-Diagnosed | 28 | 0.13 | 24 | 0.11 | 0.005 |
Mental Health Hospital-Diagnosed | 30 | 0.14 | 32 | 0.15 | 0.002 |
Outpatient Visit-Diagnosed | 144 | 0.68 | 147 | 0.69 | 0.002 |
Recent Suicidal Behavior Diagnoses (past 31-180d, by location where diagnosed) | |||||
Nonmental Health Hospital-Diagnosed | 43 | 0.20 | 43 | 0.20 | 0.000 |
Mental Health Hospital-Diagnosed | 31 | 0.15 | 29 | 0.14 | 0.003 |
Outpatient Visit-Diagnosed | 90 | 0.42 | 82 | 0.39 | 0.006 |
Possible Suicidal Behavior-Related Diagnoses (past year) | |||||
Any Acute Injury | 3872 | 18.3 | 3884 | 18.3 | 0.001 |
Recent Discharge from Psychiatric Hospitalization | |||||
Discharged in past 7 days | 2232 | 10.5 | 2219 | 10.5 | 0.002 |
Discharged in past 8-30 days | 863 | 4.1 | 881 | 4.2 | 0.004 |
Discharged in past 31-180 days | 2024 | 9.5 | 2063 | 9.7 | 0.006 |
Current Psychiatric Medications | |||||
Other Mood Stabilizer(s) b | 2891 | 13.6 | 2854 | 13.5 | 0.005 |
SSRI antidepressant | 7615 | 35.9 | 7666 | 36.2 | 0.005 |
SNRI antidepressant | 1988 | 9.4 | 2019 | 9.5 | 0.005 |
Past Treatment History | |||||
Prior Mood Stabilizer b | 7503 | 35.4 | 7530 | 35.5 | 0.003 |
Diagnoses, Nonpsychiatric (past year) | |||||
Mild Liver Disease b | 1747 | 8.2 | 1719 | 8.1 | 0.005 |
Outpatient Utilization, Nonpsychiatric (past 180d) | |||||
Gastroenterology Clinic, 1+ visits b | 1102 | 5.2 | 1077 | 5.1 | 0.005 |
Current Medications, Nonpsychiatric | |||||
Thiazide Diuretic b | 1499 | 7.1 | 1492 | 7.0 | 0.001 |
ACE Inhibitor b | 2764 | 13.0 | 2736 | 12.9 | 0.004 |
NSAIDs b | 3491 | 16.5 | 3522 | 16.6 | 0.004 |