Measure | Group | n | Estimated marginal means at follow-up (and standard errors) | Covariate | Significance | Effect size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(maximum possible score) | Â | Â | F | P | F | p | Contrast 1# | Contrast 2+ | |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | GS + GM vs. IC | GM vs. GS | |
Primary outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Florida cognitive activities scale (100) | IC | 27 | 46.13 (1.17) | 75.75 | <.001 | .25 | .78 | .15 | -.11 |
 | GS | 21 | 47.38 (1.31) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 46.71 (1.30) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Physical activity scale elderly (361) | IC | 27 | 113.78 (8.50) | 17.78 | <.001 | 1.55 | .22 | .37 | .28 |
 | GS | 21 | 123.85 (9.63) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 136.14 (9.41) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Psychosocial well-being | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
General self-efficacy scale (40) | IC | 27 | 31.12 (.87) | 33.58 | <.001 | .07 | .93 | .07 | -.07 |
 | GS | 21 | 31.62 (.98) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 31.3 (.96) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CES-Depression Score (60)* | IC | 27 | 9.53 (1.29) | 23.82 | <.001 | .37 | .68 | -.11 | -.24 |
 | GS | 21 | 9.45 (1.47) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 11.02 (1.45) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CASP-19 (57) | IC | 27 | 44.77 (.90) | 125.08 | <.001 | .63 | .54 | .07 | -.34 |
 | GS | 21 | 45.88 (1.03) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 44.30 (.99) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cognitive function | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
MOCA (30) | IC | 27 | 26.44 (.37) | 72.38 | <.001 | .79 | .46 | .13 | .35 |
 | GS | 21 | 26.36 (.42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 27.02 (.41) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CVLT-II Immediate recall total (80) | IC | 24 | 45.41 (1.76) | 57.02 | <.001 | 1.18 | .31 | .35 | .30 |
 | GS | 19 | 47.09 (1.94) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 17 | 49.67 (2.09) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CVLT-II Delayed recall total (16) | IC | 21 | 11.13 (.49) | 47.68 | <.001 | .61 | 55 | -.25 | .20 |
 | GS | 19 | 10.35 (.52) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 17 | 10.80 (.55) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trail making test T4-T2 (no max.)* | IC | 27 | 74.57 (6.08) | 24.63 | <.001 | .79 | .46 | .31 | .18 |
 | GS | 21 | 64.01 (6.89) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 65.84 (6.76) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Verbal fluency (no max.) | IC | 27 | 40.81 (1.41) | 149.83 | <.001 | 1.65 | .19 | .17 | -.52 |
 | GS | 21 | 43.93 (1.60) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 40.12 (1.57) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Physical health and diet | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Body fat percentage* | IC | 22 | 37.05 (.81) | 142.78 | <.001 | .04 | .96 | -.01 | .09 |
 | GS | 19 | 37.29 (.87) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 17 | 36.93 (.95) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BMI* | IC | 23 | 28.51 (.27) | 718.12 | <.001 | 1.31 | .27 | -.08 | .52 |
 | GS | 20 | 28.98 (.29) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 19 | 28.75 (.30) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MEDAS | IC | 27 | 7.19 (.32) | 47.19 | <.001 | .87 | .42 | -.20 | -.32 |
 | GS | 21 | 6.61 (.36) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 22 | 7.14 (.35) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cholesterol* | IC | 19 | 5.68 (.20) | 34.32 | <.001 | .44 | .64 | .27 | .00 |
 | GS | 18 | 5.44 (.21) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 15 | 5.45 (.23) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
QRISK* | IC | 26 | 18.12 (.40) | 1388.21 | <.001 | .13 | .88 | .07 | .13 |
 | GS | 21 | 18.10 (.44) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 21 | 17.84 (.44) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Physical fitness | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Predicted aerobic capacity | IC | 10 | 19.79 (.74) | 93.31 | <.001 | 1.66 | .21 | -.31 | -.69 |
 | GS | 11 | 18.25 (.70) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 12 | 19.87 (.70) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up and go* | IC | 22 | 6.64 (.49) | 11.93 | .001 | 2.67 | .08 | .62 | .09 |
 | GS | 19 | 5.33 (.53) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 18 | 5.13 (.54) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sit to stand | IC | 21 | 14.02 (.45) | 79.97 | <.001 | 2.50 | .09 | .61 | .16 |
 | GS | 19 | 15.12 (.48) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | GM | 17 | 15.46 (.52) |  |  |  |  |  |  |