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Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies

From: Health service use and costs associated with aggressiveness or agitation and containment in adult psychiatric care: a systematic review of the evidence

Paper

Country and period of study (year)

Design

Setting

Diagnosis (%)

Mean age

% of men (N)

Total sample size

Agitated sample size

Barlow K et al. 2000 [18]

Australia, 18 months (1996–1997)

Prospective observational study

3 acute psychiatric units and 1 subacute unit

Schizophrenia (21.3)

37 (range: 13–97)

52.2 (663)

1,096

174

    

Psychotic disorder (14.0)

    
    

Bipolar affective (7.2)

    
    

Adjustment disorder (18.5)

    
    

Depression (18.5)

    
    

Personality disorder (3.0)

    
    

Anxiety disorder (5.0)

    
    

Other (12.4)

    

Carr VJ et al. 2008 [19]

Australia, 12 months (n.a.)

Prospective observational study

11 mental health units (8 general psychiatric units, 2 high-dependency units and 1 specialized unit)

Drug and alcohol disorder (44.6)

37.1 (SD 14.4)

55.0 (weighted percentage) (2,210)

3,242

849 (Aggressive incidents: 363; Less serious aggressive incidents: 486)

    

Schizophrenia or related disorder (38.0)

    
    

Depression (25.3)

    
    

Personality disorder (18.9)

    
    

Adjustment disorder (14.2)

    
    

Bipolar disorder (14.0)

    

Compton MT et al. 2006 [20]

USA, 7 months (2003–2004)

Retrospective database cohort study

2 inpatient psychiatric units (a crisis stabilization unit (CSU) and a longer-stay milieu unit (LSMU))

Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders (65.0)

LSMU: 37.4 (SD 12.6) CSU: 40.8 (SD 11.8)

LSMU: 40.7 (60), CSU: 48.9 (43)

LSMU: 146; CSU: 88

n.a.

    

Unipolar depression (15.8)

    
    

Bipolar disorder (12.4)

    
    

Anxiety disorders (0.9)

    
    

Substance-related disorders (4.3)

    
    

Other (1.3)

    

Flood C et al. 2008 [13]

United Kingdom, 1 year (2005)

Epidemiological, cross-sectional study

136 adult acute inpatient psychiatric wards

n.a.

n.a.

 

n.a.

 

Jaffe A et al. 2009 [21]

USA, 6 months (2005)

Retrospective database cohort study

17 state-run adult civil facilities

Schizophrenia (41.4)

41.5 (SD 13.6)

63 (257)

1,673

415

    

Schizoaffective (31.9)

    
    

Bipolar (10.4)

    
    

Depression (5.7)

    
    

Other (10.6)

    

Legris J et al. 1999[22]

Canada, n.a. (n.a.)

Retrospective database cohort study

Urban general hospital with two adult psychiatric wards and a special care unit

Schizophrenia (54)

41 (SD 16)

41 (35)

85

41

    

Bipolar or schizoaffective (23)

    
    

Psychotic depression (12)

    
    

Other (11)

    

Mellesdal L 2003 [23]

Norway, 3 years (1997–2000)

Prospective observational study

Psychiatric acute ward

Affective disorders (34.7)

41.1 (SD 15.5)

51 (476)

934

98

    

Schizophrenic disorders (19.2)

    
    

Alcohol/substance abuse (10.4)

    
    

Personality disorders (9.4)

    
    

Neurotic/stress-related somatoform disorders (7.1)

    
    

Other (19.2)

    

Peiró S et al. 2004 [24]

Spain, 6 months (1999–2001)

Retrospective database cohort study

Acute inpatient units from 8 general hospitals and psychiatric hospitals

Schizophrenic disorders (64.0)

39.2 (SD 14.5)

44.8 (56)

200

175

    

Affective psychosis (22.0)

    
    

Paranoid states (4.5)

    
    

Other non-organic psychosis (8.5)

    
    

Transient organic psychosis (1.0)

    

Putkonen A et al. 2013 [26]

Finland, 6 months (2009)

Cluster-randomized controlled trial

Four high-security wards for men with psychotic illness.

Psychotic illness with a history of severe violence (100)

Control group: 40.0 (SD 10.6) Intervention group: 38.4 (SD 10.6)

100

Control group: 930–1,003 patient-days per month (38 beds) Intervention group: 1,306-1,400 patient-days per month (50 beds)

n.a.

Steinert T et al. 1999 [25]

Germany, 4 years (1990–1993)

Retrospective database cohort study

Psychiatric hospital

Paranoid type schizophrenia (78.9)

32.4 (SD 12.7)

55.8 (77)

138

96

    

Schizoaffective disorder (15.9)

    
    

Accompanying substance abuse (29.7)

    
    

Accompanying somatic disease (21.0)