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Table 1 Mobile mindfulness training for smoking cessation modules and bonus module contents

From: A randomized controlled trial of smartphone-based mindfulness training for smoking cessation: a study protocol

Module

Contents

1

Introduces the Craving to Quit program and mindfulness, introduces habit formation using an animation, and provides a guided mindful smoking exercise.

2

Setting personalized goals, e.g., list three reasons why you want to quit smoking, and provides a mindful smoking exercise.

3

Teaches body scan meditation, provides a guided body scan exercise, and provides a mindful smoking exercise.

4

Teaches how to work with cues, affective states, and craving using RAIN, and provides a RAIN exercise.

5

Introduces the concept of craving using an animation with the metaphor of craving as a tantrum toddler, i.e., let the toddler cry it out, and provides a RAIN exercise.

6

Teaches how to recognize triggers, e.g., list some of your triggers, and provides a RAIN exercise.

7

Expands on the concept of craving using an animation with the metaphor of craving as a fire, i.e., let the fire burn out, and provides a RAIN exercise.

8

Teaches how to use noting practice, i.e., the “N” of RAIN, in everyday life, and provides a noting practice exercise.

9

Teaches strategies for staying on track, and provides a noting exercise.

10

(Un)resistance Training, and provides a noting exercise.

11

Builds on noting practice by teaching curiosity, a core element of mindfulness, and provides a curiosity exercise.

12

Expands on the concept of craving and curiosity using an animation with the metaphor of a hot coal, asks “What do you get from smoking mindfully today?”

13

Teaches loving kindness meditation, provides a loving kindness exercise, and provides “Wild Geese” by Mary Oliver.

14

Teaches evaluating the costs & benefits of smoking, provides a loving kindness exercise.

15

Misperceptions about Quitting, tell a smoking buddy you are quitting today

16

Builds on noting and curiosity by teaching noting while walking meditation, provides a walking noting practice.

17

Teaches open awareness of thoughts, to work mindfully with thoughts that trigger smoking, using animations such as “Thoughts like a Radio.”

18

Builds on walking while noting with animations such as “Tripping on Thoughts,” “Autobiography in 5 short chapters” by Portia Nelson, provides a noting exercise.

19

Asks subjects to reflect on their own experience with treatment to gather evidence for how treatment helps with smoking cessation, noting practice with a particular eye out for doubt.

20

Provides tips on staying motivated and maintaining mindfulness practice, subjects write down a mantra to use and set mantra reminder.

21

Quit day ceremony, subjects tell a friend or family member that today is their quit day.

22

Incorporates mindfulness practices as a new, healthy habit, and instructs the user on which modules to return to if they relapse.

Bonus

“Big Mind Meditation” audio by Joseph Goldstein; Tree Analogy for reinforcing noting video; Attitude is Everything video; “Mountain Meditation” audio by Joseph Goldstein; Sitting Meditation audio