|  |  |  | DSM-IV | DSM-5 | ICD-10 | ICD-11 | ICD-11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptom cluster | Symptoms | Item | Corresponding item | PTSD | PTSD | PTSD | PTSD | C-PTSD |
Intrusion | Intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, disturbing dreams | 1 | Repeated, sudden thoughts about the traumatic experience? | I (at least one symptom, items 1—5) | I (at least one symptom, items 1—5) | I (at least one symptom, items 1—5) |  |  |
 |  | 2 | Repeated disturbing dreams about the experience? | I | I | I | I (at least one symptom, items 2, 3) | I (at least one symptom, items 2, 3) |
 |  | 3 | Suddenly acting as though the experience was happening again? | I | I | I | I | I |
 | Physical/psychological reactions to reminders of trauma | 4 | Feeling very upset when reminded of the experience? | I | I | I |  |  |
 |  | 5 | Having strong physical reactions (e.g. dizziness, heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath) when reminded of the event? | I | I | I |  |  |
Avoidance | Internal avoidance | 6 | Avoid thinking about the event? | AN (at least three symptoms, items 6—10, 20, 21) | A (at least one symptom, items 6, 7) | A (at least one symptom, items 6, 7) | A (at least one symptom, items 6, 7) | A (at least one symptom, items 6, 7) |
 | External avoidance | 7 | Avoid people, places, talking, activities, things, or situations about the event? | AN | A | A | A | A |
Numbing | Diminished interest | 8 | Losing interest in things you used to enjoy (e.g., walking, reading, socializing, cooking, gardening) | AN | AD | Â | Â | Â |
 | Foreshortened future | 9 | Feeling hopeless about the future | AN |  |  |  |  |
Hyperarousal | Inability to recall/posttraumatic amnesia | 10 | Difficulty remembering some important parts of the event? | AN | AD (at least two symptoms, items 8, 10, 17—19, 20, 21) | H (inability to recall or at least two other symptoms, items 10—15) |  |  |
 | Insomnia | 11 | Trouble falling or staying asleep? |  | H | H |  |  |
 | Irritability | 12 | Feeling irritable, angry, or aggressive towards people? | H (at least two symptoms, items 12—15) | H (at least two symptoms, items 11—16) | H |  | AD |
 | Concentration problems | 13 | Having difficulty concentrating (e.g., at work/school)? | H | H | H |  |  |
 | Hypervigilance | 14 | Being on guard constantly when there was no real reason to be? | H | H | H | H (at least one symptom, items 14, 15) | H (at least one symptom, items 14, 15) |
 | Exaggerated startle response | 15 | Feeling suddenly scared for no reason? | H | H | H | H | H |
 | Self-destructive behaviour | 16 | Try to do something that you know may cause you or other people harm? |  | H |  |  |  |
Affect dysregulation | Persistent negative emotions | 17 | Having strong feelings such as shame, fear, horror, anger, or guilt? | Â | AD | Â | Â | AD (persistent negative emotions) |
Negative self-concept | Â | 18 | Having strong negative beliefs about yourself, others, or the world in general? | Â | AD | Â | Â | NS (at least one symptom, items 18, 19) |
 |  | 19 | Blaming yourself or others constantly for the event or what happened as a result of the event? |  | AD |  |  | NS |
Interpersonal problems | Â | 20 | Feeling cut off or trying to stay away from people? | AN | AD | Â | Â | IP (at least one symptom, items 20, 21) |
 |  | 21 | Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions (e.g. love, happiness) for another person? | AN | AD |  |  | IP |