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Table 2 Occurrence and persistence of psychological distress according to exposure to violence and odds ratios +

From: Direct and indirect exposure to violence and psychological distress among civil servants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a prospective cohort study

 

Occurrence of psychological distress

Persistence of psychological distress

Violence exposure

N (%) *

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) ***

N (%) **

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) ***

Not exposed

384 (22.7)

1.00

1.00

454 (56.9)

1.00

1.00

Direct

55 (28.2)

1.34 (0.96-1.86)

1.31 (0.92-1.85)

93 (69.4)

1.72 (1.16-2.55)

1.57 (1.02-2.40)

Indirect

14 (23.0)

1.01 (0.55-1.86)

0.92 (0.48-1.78)

40 (76.9)

2.53 (1.31-4.89)

2.65 (1.33-5.28)

Direct/Indirect

13 (59.1)

4.92 (2.09-11.59)

6.52 (2.65-16.04)

19 (57.6)

1.03 (0.51-2.08)

1.07 (0.49-2.36)

  1. *p < 0.0001.
  2. **p=0.003.
  3. ***Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for sex, age, education, per capita household income, and alcohol consumption.
  4. +Pró-Saúde Study (2001–2007), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
  5. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.