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Table 4 Sociodemographic and clinical comparison of autistic and non-autistic schizophrenics (GRAS sample)

From: Autism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia

 

Autistic schizophrenia patients a

Non-autistic schizophrenia patients a

 

Men

Women

Men

Women

 

N = 75-80

N = 53-57

N = 86-96

N = 62-72

Sociodemographic variables

    

Age at examination, mean ± SD, yb

42.1 ± 13.2

49.2 ± 14.5

36.3 ± 11.9

41 ± 10.9*

Ethnicity, No. (%), Caucasianc

76 (95)

53 (98.1)

92 (96.8)

71 (98.6)

Years of education, mean ± SDb

11 ± 2.7

11.2 ± 2.1

13.4 ± 3.1***

14.2 ± 3.3***

Current occupation, No. (%), full-time workd

5 (6.3)

1 (1.8)

16 (16.8)

11 (15.1)

Marital status, No. (%), singlec

71 (88.8)

31 (54.4)

75 (78.9)

32 (43.8)

Children, No. (%), withoutc

70 (87.5)

28 (49.1)

78 (82.1)

39 (53.4)

Relationship status, No. (%), no relationshipc

67 (83.8)

31 (54.4)

68 (71.6)

26 (35.6)

Clinical variables

    

Age at first episode, mean ± SD, yb

26.0 ± 9.2

30.8 ± 12.6

25.8 ± 7.2

29.1 ± 9.8

Duration of disease, mean ± SD, yb

16.3 ± 12.9

18.2 ± 14.4

10.6 ± 9.8

12.1 ± 9.6

Chlorpromazine equivalents, mean ± SDb

946 ± 863

972 ± 1321

562.4 ± 567*

401.6 ± 489**

Number of hospitalizations, mean ± SDb

10.8 ± 13

10.7 ± 11.5

5.7 ± 4.8

5 ± 4.6*

Premorbid intelligence, mean ± SD, IQe

95 ± 15

97 ± 13

108 ± 16***

109 ± 14***

PANSS pos, mean ± SDb

19.4 ± 7

19.3 ± 8

9.1 ± 2.9***

8.7 ± 2.5***

PANSS neg, mean ± SDb

32.6 ± 4.5

32.4 ± 4.2

8.1 ± 1.2***

8 ± 1.1***

PANSS gen, mean ± SDb

50.5 ± 11.2

51.5 ± 10.8

20.7 ± 4.9***

20.7 ± 4.2***

PANSS total, mean ± SDb

102.5 ± 19.1

103.5 ± 18.2

37.9 ± 7.4***

37.4 ± 6.1***

GAF, mean ± SDb

30 ± 10.9

28.1 ± 9.9

62.2 ± 15.2***

69.2 ± 14.2***

  1. Multiple testing adjusted significances (Bonferroni: p ≤ 0.003) for comparison of ‘autistic schizophrenia patients’ versus ‘non-autistic schizophrenia patients’ by gender are shown: * ≤ 0.001, ** ≤ 0.0001, *** ≤ 0.00001; due to missing data upon phenotyping sample size varies between N = 128-137 in the autistic schizophrenia group and N = 148-168 in the non-autistic schizophrenia group;aCompare with Figure1: ‘Autistic schizophrenia patients’ score above or equal to the 10thpercentile of the PAUSS distribution (PAUSS 30-52), ‘Non-autistic schizophrenia patients’ score below or equal to the first percentile of the PAUSS distribution (PAUSS 8-10);bMann-Whitney U-Test;cχ2-Test;dFisher’s exact test;ePremorbid intelligence was estimated by using the ‘Mehrfachwahlwortschatztest’ (MWT, multiple choice verbal comprehension test).