From: Autism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia
ASD sample | Disease-control sample | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personality disorders | Psychotic disorders | Other psychiatric disorders a | No psychiatric disorder | Total disease-control sample | ||
N = 106-165 | N = 19-26 | N = 6-13 | N = 38-42 | N = 17-19 | N = 80-100 | |
Sociodemographic variables | ||||||
Gender, No. (%), menb | 108 (65.5) | 21 (80.8) | 7 (53.8) | 30 (71.4) | 12 (63.2) | 71 (71) |
Age at examination, mean ± SD, yearsb | 32.2 ± 11 | 39.3 ± 12.8 | 32.6 ± 10.1 | 38.7 ± 14.3 | 38.1 ± 12 | 37.7 ± 13.1* |
Years of education, mean ± SDb | 15.3 ± 4.4 | 15.9 ± 4.8 | 12.1 ± 4 | 16.4 ± 4.1 | 17 ± 4.6 | 16 ± 4.5 |
Current occupation, No. (%), full-time workb | 39 (23.6) | 6 (23.1) | 0 (0) | 13 (31) | 9 (47.4) | 28 (28) |
Marital status, No. (%), singlec | 101 (61.2) | 12 (46.2) | 8 (61.5) | 25 (59.5) | 7 (36.8) | 52 (52) |
Children, No (%), nonec | 103 (83.7) | 12 (57.1) | 6 (85.7) | 27 (67.5) | 9 (50)* | 54 (62.1)** |
Relationship status, No. (%), no relationshipc | 68 (41.2) | 11 (42.3) | 5 (38.5) | 23 (54.8) | 6 (31.6) | 45 (45) |
Clinical variables | ||||||
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, IQ | ||||||
subtest comprehension | 116 ± 19 | 113 ± 13 | 104 ± 19 | 114 ± 17 | 117 ± 14 | 113 ± 16 |
subtest similarities | 115 ± 16 | 114 ± 13 | 101 ± 16 | 120 ± 20 | 117 ± 15 | 116 ± 18 |
subtest picture completion | 107 ± 21 | 111 ± 18 | 98 ± 26 | 107 ± 21 | 111 ± 13 | 108 ± 19 |
subtest block design | 109 ± 20 | 107 ± 18 | 95 ± 23 | 110 ± 17 | 111 ± 17 | 108 ± 18 |
estimated verbal IQ | 115 ± 16 | 112 ± 10 | 103 ± 14 | 116 ± 18 | 117 ± 12 | 114 ± 15 |
estimated performance IQ | 107 ± 18 | 106 ± 18 | 96 ± 21 | 108 ± 18 | 111 ± 12 | 107 ± 17 |
estimated total IQ | 111 ± 15 | 110 ± 12 | 99 ± 17 | 112 ± 16 | 114 ± 11 | 111 ± 14 |
GAF, mean ± SDb | 71 ± 16.2 | 75.7 ± 11.2 | 52.5 ± 13 | 74.4 ± 14.8 | 87.6 ± 5.3*** | 75.5 ± 15 |
PANSS autism severity score, mean ± SDb | 20.5 ± 7.7 | 13.3 ± 3.6*** | 24.1 ± 9.6 | 11.4 ± 3.7*** | 9.8 ± 2.2*** | 13.3 ± 6.6*** |
ADOS original algorithm Module 4, mean ± SDb | 11.9 ± 4.2 | 4.3 ± 4.4*** | 10 ± 4.8 | 2.5 ± 2.8*** | 2.9 ± 2.2*** | 3.8 ± 3.9*** |
Autism Quotient (AQ), mean ± SDb,d | 23.5 ± 5.7 | 24 ± 3.6 | 20.7 ± 4 | 23.3 ± 5.7 | 23.2 ± 5.1 | 23.4 ± 5.1 |
Empathy Quotient (EQ), mean ± SDb,e | 17.5 ± 8 | 17.8 ± 8.3 | 25.1 ± 8.7 | 21.2 ± 11.6 | 15.6 ± 9.3 | 19.4 ± 17.5 |