Skip to main content

Table 5 Sociodemographic and clinical comparison of ASD and disease-control samples

From: Autism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia

 

ASD sample

Disease-control sample

 
  

Personality disorders

Psychotic disorders

Other psychiatric disorders a

No psychiatric disorder

Total disease-control sample

 

N = 106-165

N = 19-26

N = 6-13

N = 38-42

N = 17-19

N = 80-100

Sociodemographic variables

      

Gender, No. (%), menb

108 (65.5)

21 (80.8)

7 (53.8)

30 (71.4)

12 (63.2)

71 (71)

Age at examination, mean ± SD, yearsb

32.2 ± 11

39.3 ± 12.8

32.6 ± 10.1

38.7 ± 14.3

38.1 ± 12

37.7 ± 13.1*

Years of education, mean ± SDb

15.3 ± 4.4

15.9 ± 4.8

12.1 ± 4

16.4 ± 4.1

17 ± 4.6

16 ± 4.5

Current occupation, No. (%), full-time workb

39 (23.6)

6 (23.1)

0 (0)

13 (31)

9 (47.4)

28 (28)

Marital status, No. (%), singlec

101 (61.2)

12 (46.2)

8 (61.5)

25 (59.5)

7 (36.8)

52 (52)

Children, No (%), nonec

103 (83.7)

12 (57.1)

6 (85.7)

27 (67.5)

9 (50)*

54 (62.1)**

Relationship status, No. (%), no relationshipc

68 (41.2)

11 (42.3)

5 (38.5)

23 (54.8)

6 (31.6)

45 (45)

Clinical variables

      

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, IQ

      

subtest comprehension

116 ± 19

113 ± 13

104 ± 19

114 ± 17

117 ± 14

113 ± 16

subtest similarities

115 ± 16

114 ± 13

101 ± 16

120 ± 20

117 ± 15

116 ± 18

subtest picture completion

107 ± 21

111 ± 18

98 ± 26

107 ± 21

111 ± 13

108 ± 19

subtest block design

109 ± 20

107 ± 18

95 ± 23

110 ± 17

111 ± 17

108 ± 18

estimated verbal IQ

115 ± 16

112 ± 10

103 ± 14

116 ± 18

117 ± 12

114 ± 15

estimated performance IQ

107 ± 18

106 ± 18

96 ± 21

108 ± 18

111 ± 12

107 ± 17

estimated total IQ

111 ± 15

110 ± 12

99 ± 17

112 ± 16

114 ± 11

111 ± 14

GAF, mean ± SDb

71 ± 16.2

75.7 ± 11.2

52.5 ± 13

74.4 ± 14.8

87.6 ± 5.3***

75.5 ± 15

PANSS autism severity score, mean ± SDb

20.5 ± 7.7

13.3 ± 3.6***

24.1 ± 9.6

11.4 ± 3.7***

9.8 ± 2.2***

13.3 ± 6.6***

ADOS original algorithm Module 4, mean ± SDb

11.9 ± 4.2

4.3 ± 4.4***

10 ± 4.8

2.5 ± 2.8***

2.9 ± 2.2***

3.8 ± 3.9***

Autism Quotient (AQ), mean ± SDb,d

23.5 ± 5.7

24 ± 3.6

20.7 ± 4

23.3 ± 5.7

23.2 ± 5.1

23.4 ± 5.1

Empathy Quotient (EQ), mean ± SDb,e

17.5 ± 8

17.8 ± 8.3

25.1 ± 8.7

21.2 ± 11.6

15.6 ± 9.3

19.4 ± 17.5

  1. Multiple testing adjusted significances (Bonferroni: p ≤ 0.002) for comparison of each diagnostic group with ASD group are shown: * ≤ 0.001, ** ≤ 0.0001, *** ≤ 0.00001; due to missing data upon phenotyping, sample size varies between N = 186-265 in the total sample; a this category includes affective disorders, attention deficit disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorders; b Mann-Whitney U test; c Chi-square test; d Higher values correspond to more autistic traits; e Higher values correspond to more empathy (i.e. less autistic traits).