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Table 1 Characteristics, PBI scores, and chronic pain prevalence

From: Paternal and maternal bonding styles in childhood are associated with the prevalence of chronic pain in a general adult population: the Hisayama Study

Variable

n = 760

 

Sociodemographic characteristics

  

  Age (years)

59.3

±11.5

 

(range 39-92)

 

  Women (%)

62.4

 

  Marital status (%)

  

   Never married

5.7

 

   Married/Cohabiting

80.9

 

   Divorced/Separated

3.8

 

   Widowed

9.6

 

  Education level (%)

  

   ≤9-years

13.6

 

   10-12 years

51.8

 

   >12 years

34.6

 

PHQ-9 score (%)

  

  Minimal (<5)

74.0

 

  Mild (5–9)

21.7

 

  Moderate to severe (≥10)

4.3

 

PBI score

  

  Paternal care

28.0

(22-33)

  Paternal overprotection

8.0

(4-13)

  Maternal care

31.0

(26-35)

  Maternal overprotection

8.0

(3-13)

Chronic pain (%)

46.4

 
  1. Values are means ± standard deviation, frequencies, or median (interquartile range)
  2. PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PBI Parental Bonding Instrument