Paternal and maternal bonding styles in childhood are associated with the prevalence of chronic pain in a general adult population: the Hisayama Study

Table 2 Odds ratios for chronic pain according to the PBI quadrant

Parental bonding style	Number of subjects	Number with chronic pain	Crude	P value	Multivariable-adjusted (demographic)^a	P value	Multivariable-adjusted (demographic and depression)^b	P value
Parental bonding style	Number of subjects	Number with chronic pain	OR (95 %CI)	P value	OR (95 %CI)	P value	OR (95 %CI)	P value
Father
Optimal parenting	157	54	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Neglectful parenting	107	45	1.38 (0.84-2.30)	0.207	1.47 (0.88-2.46)	0.138	1.41 (0.84-2.37)	0.192
Affectionate constraint	107	49	1.61 (0.97-2.67)	0.063	1.61 (0.97-2.67)	0.066	1.51 (0.91-2.53)	0.114
Affectionless control	389	205	2.13 (1.45-3.12)	<0.001	2.21 (1.50-3.27)	<0.001	1.80 (1.21-2.70)	0.004
Mother
Optimal parenting	152	61	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Neglectful parenting	90	36	1.00 (0.58-1.69)	0.984	1.01 (0.59-1.73)	0.964	1.00 (0.58-1.73)	0.999
Affectionate constraint	116	52	1.21 (0.74-1.98)	0.441	1.29 (0.79-2.12)	0.314	1.26 (0.76-2.08)	0.371
Affectionless control	402	204	1.54 (1.05-2.24)	0.026	1.60 (1.09-2.36)	0.016	1.31 (0.88-1.96)	0.181

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
^aMultivariable adjustment was done for age, sex, marital status, and years of education
^bMultivariable adjustment was done for age, sex, marital status, years of education, and depression

ISSN: 1471-244X