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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of Chinese type 2 diabetic patients categorised by validated cutoff values of PHQ-9 and CES-D

From: Measuring depression with CES-D in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: the validity and its comparison to PHQ-9

 

Total

CES-D <21

CES-D ≥21

p value

PHQ-9 < 7

PHQ-9 ≥ 7

P value

Number

545

448

97 (17.8)

 

449

96 (17.6)

 

CES-D score

13.0 ± 8.6

9.9 ± 5.3

27.4 ± 5.6

<0.001

11.0 ± 6.9

22.3 ± 9.5

<0.001

PHQ-9 score

3.5 ± 4.4

2.3 ± 2.7

8.8 ± 6.2

<0.001

1.8± 1.8

11.2± 4.6

<0.001

Age (years)

54.6 ± 9.5

54.7 ± 9.7

54.4 ± 8.6

0.807

54.4 ± 9.4

55.4 ± 9.9

0.339

Women

225 (41.3)

173 (38.6)

52 (53.6)

0.007

170 (37.9)

55 (57.3)

<0.001

Disease duration (years)

6.0 (3.0,11.0)

7.0 (3.0,10.3)

6.0 (3.0,13.0)

0.867

7.0 (4.0,10.8)

6.0 (2.0-13.0)

0.568

Education

   

0.555

  

0.073

Illiterate/primary school

142 (26.1)

117 (26.1)

25 (25.8)

 

113 (25.2)

29 (30.2)

 

Middle school

275 (50.5)

222 (49.6)

53 (54.6)

 

222 (49.4)

53 (55.2)

 

High school and above

128 (23.5)

109 (24.3)

19 (19.6)

 

114 (25.4)

14 (14.6)

 

In employment

307 (56.3)

259 (57.8)

48 (19.5)

0.134

266 (59.2)

41 (42.7)

0.003

Current smoker

56 (10.3)

49 (11.0)

7 (7.2)

0.271

43 (9.6)

13 (13.5)

0.249

Exercise ≥3 times/week

262 (48.1)

216 (48.2)

46 (47.4)

0.887

217 (48.3)

45 (46.9)

0.796

SMBG ≥ weekly

278 (51.0)

234 (52.2)

44 (45.4)

0.22

232 (51.7)

46 (47.9)

0.504

Cardio-metabolic risk factors

      

Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.1 ± 4.4

26.1 ± 4.3

26.0 ± 4.9

0.802

26.1 ± 4.4

26.0 ± 4.6

0.902

Systolic BP (mmHg)

130.6 ± 15.7

130.3 ± 15.5

132.3 ± 16.7

0.255

130.4 ± 15.6

131.7 ± 16.2

0.464

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.6 ± 10.0

79.3 ± 9.9

80.9 ± 10.5

0.158

79.5 ± 10.0

80.2 ± 10.2

0.510

Waist circumference, men (cm)

91.2 ± 10.5

91.1 ± 10.2

91.8 ± 12.1

0.713

91.3 ± 10.4

90.7 ± 11.3

0.742

Waist circumference, women (cm)

86.1 ± 11.1

85.8 ± 10.9

87.2 ± 11.7

0.421

85.8 ± 11.5

87.0 ± 10.0

0.475

HbA1c (%)

7.5 ± 1.4

7.5 ± 1.4

7.7 ± 1.6

0.238

7.4 ± 1.3

7.9 ± 1.9

0.045

HbA1c (mmol/L)

58.6 ± 15.7

58.3 ± 15.2

60.4 ± 18.0

0.238

57.8 ± 14.2

62.4 ± 21.2

0.045

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.50 ± 0.88

4.48 ± 0.87

4.60 ± 0.91

0.247

4.52 ± 0.89

4.40 ± 0.84

0.200

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.34 ± 0.37

1.33 ± 0.37

1.35 ± 0.36

0.632

1.35 ± 0.37

1.30 ± 0.37

0.223

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.49 ± 0.71

2.48 ± 0.70

2.56 ± 0.75

0.284

2.51 ± 0.71

2.42 ± 0.72

0.324

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

109.0 ± 23.7

109.3 ± 23.4

108.1 ± 24.9

0.654

109.3 ± 23.8

108.0 ± 23.2

0.653

Spot urinary ACR

1.10 (0.48,4.02)

1.09 (0.48,3.90)

1.11 (0.51,4.56)

0.442

1.05 (0.44,3.90)

1.25 (0.62,5.03)

0.096

Hypertension

430 (78.9)

356 (79.5)

74 (76.3)

0.487

349 (77.7)

81 (84.4)

0.147

Dyslipidaemia

463 (85.3)

383 (85.9)

80 (82.5)

0.345

380 (85.0)

83 (86.5)

0.717

Albuminuria

166 (30.5)

136 (30.4)

30 (30.9)

0.912

135 (30.1)

31 (32.3)

0.667

Diabetes-related complications

      

Cardiovascular disease

53 (9.7)

42 (9.4)

11 (11.3)

0.554

40 (8.9)

13 (13.5)

0.164

Retinopathy

112 (20.6)

91 (20.3)

21 (21.6)

0.786

95 (21.2)

17 (17.7)

0.448

Chronic kidney disease

10 (1.8)

8 (1.8)

2 (2.1)

0.695

8 (1.8)

2 (2.1)

0.689

Sensory neuropathy

13 (2.4)

7 (1.6)

6 (6.2)

0.016

7 (1.6)

6 (6.2)

0.015

Medication, target achievement

      

Use of insulin

87 (16.0)

73 (16.3)

14 (14.4)

0.65

73 (16.3)

14 (14.6)

0.684

On OAD

492 (90.3)

402 (89.7)

90 (92.8)

0.358

402 (89.5)

90 (93.8)

0.206

Use of antihypertensive drugs

324 (59.4)

269 (60.0)

55 (56.7)

0.543

261 (58.1)

63 (65.6)

0.704

Use of lipid lowering drugs

265 (48.6)

223 (49.8)

42 (43.3)

0.247

208 (46.3)

57 (59.4)

0.02

Concurrent use of psychotropic drugs

44 (8.2)

16 (4.3)

28 (16.7)

<0.001

27 (6.1)

17 (17.7)

<0.001

HBA1C < 7.0 % (53 mmol/L)

218 (40.0)

181 (40.4)

37 (38.1)

0.681

187 (41.6)

31 (32.3)

0.089

LDL-C < 2.6 mmol/L

312 (57.2)

255 (56.9)

57 (58.8)

0.739

252 (56.1)

60 (62.5)

0.252

BP < 130/80 mmHg

206 (37.8)

173 (38.6)

33 (34.0)

0.397

175 (39.0)

31 (32.3)

0.22

  1. PHQ-9 Patients Health Questionnaire-9, CES-D 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression, SMBG Self-monitoring of blood glucose, BP Blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, OAD Oral antidiabetic drugs
  2. Data are shown as mean ± SD, number (%) or median (interquartile range)
  3. The definitions of risk factors and complications were as follows: hypertension = known high blood pressure with or without treatment and/or blood pressure ≥ 130/80 mmHg; dyslipidaemia = LDL-C ≥ 2.6mmol/L, HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L, triglycerides ≥ 2.3 mmol/L, or on any lipid-lowering agents; albuminuria = sport urine albumin/creatinine ratio ≥ 2.5 mg/mmol in men or ≥ 3.5 mg/mmol in women; chronic kidney disease = eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, cardiovascular disease = coronary heart disease, stroke, and/or peripheral vascular disease
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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