Indoor rock climbing (bouldering) as a new treatment for depression: study design of a waitlist-controlled randomized group pilot study and the first results

Table 4 Exploratory outcomes

	Intervention group (n = 22)	Waitlist group (n = 25)	T-Test for independent samples		U-Test		Cohen’s d
Scale	∆M (SD)	∆M (SD)	t	p	U, z	p
Depression
BDI-II (primary hypothesis)	−6.27(5.64)	−1.40 (6.94)	t(45) = 2.62	.012*	U = 156.50, z = -2.53	.011*	0.77
Depression (SCL-90-R)	−4.55 (4.38)	−1.96 (4.06)	t(45) = 2.10	.041*	U = 177.00, z = -2.10	.036*	0.62
Anxiety
Phobic anxiety (SCL-90-R)	−2.77 (6.03)	−1.52 (9.13)	t(45) = 0.55	.587	U = 251.00, z = -0.52	.606	0.16
Anxiety^a (SCL-90-R)	−5.09 (8.23)	−1.28 (6.48)	t(45) = 1.77	.083	U = 182.50, z = -1.98	.048*	0.52
Social competence
Interpersonal sensitivity (SCL-90-R)	−5.23 (7.07)	−1.76 (4.63)	t(45) = 2.01	.050	U = 191.00, z = -1.80	.071	0.59
Social support^a (FERUS)	0.95 (8.85)	2.20 (5.13)	t(45) = 0.60	.552	U = 236.50, z = -0.83	.409	0.18
Self-management
Active and passive coping (FERUS)	6.32 (8.49)	0.60 (5.39)	t(34.74) = -2.71	.010*	U = 163.50, z = -2.39	.017*	0.82
Self-efficacy (FERUS)	3.72 (6.96)	−0.20 (5.58)	t(45) = -2.15	.037*	U = 171.50, z = -1.24	.025*	0.63
Self-verbalisation (FERUS)	3.91 (6.16)	0.80 (6.06)	t(45) = -1.74	.089	U = 195.50, z = -1.71	.088	0.51
Concentration
Concentration^a (d2-R)	2.09 (6.02)	1.12 (10.01)	t(45) = -0.40	.694	U = 271.00, z = -0.09	.932	0.12
Further outcomes
Obsessive-compulsive^a (SCL-90-R)	−4.77 (4.80)	−1.80 (3.25)	t(36.23) = 2.45	.019*	U = 175.00, z = -2.16	.031*	0.73

Comparison of differences between t0 and t1. Negative values on the SCL-90-R indicate improvements in symptoms, positive values on the FERUS and d2 indicate improvements in abilities
^adeviations from a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk Test)
*p-values < .05