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Table 1 Characteristics of studies evaluating the validity of electronic self-monitoring tools of mood compared to validated clinically administrated rating scales for depression and mania in patients with bipolar disorder listed according to year of publication. N = 206

From: Electronic self-monitoring of mood using IT platforms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review of the validity and evidence

Author, Country, year of publication

Design

IT platform, name of tool

Sample size, setting, age, bipolar type I

Self-monitoring frequency, follow-up

Blinding of outcome assessor

Rating scale

Corresponding days between self-monitoring data and ratings in analyses

Correlation analyses

Missing self-monitored data

Whybrow PC et al., USA, Canada & Germany, 2003 [12]

Longitudinal

Computer, ChronoRecord

80, Outpatient, 38.67 (SD 10.86), 72.5 %

Daily, 3 months

NA

HDRSa,YMRSb

Yes

Pearson: HDRS: r = −0.683 (p < 0.001)

6.1 % (SD 9.3)

YMRS non-significant

Bauer M et al., USA, Canada & Germany, 2004 [54]

Longitudinal

Computer, ChronoRecord

80, Outpatient, 38.67 (SD 10.86), 72.5 %

Daily, 3 months

NA

HDRS,YMRS

Yes

Pearson: HDRS: r = −0.683 (p < 0.001)

6.1 % (SD 9.3)

YMRS non-significant

Linear mixed model coefficient: HDRS: β = −0.303 (p < 0.001)

YMRS non-significant

Bauer M et al., USA, Canada & Germany, 2008 [55]

Longitudinal

Computer, ChronoRecord

27 Inpatient & 80 Outpatient,

Daily, NA

Yes

YMRS, MRS c

Yes

Pearson: YMRS: r = 0.825 (p < 0.001)

NA

Linear mixed model coefficient: YMRS: β = 0.229 (p = 0.001)

Depp CA et al., USA, 2010 [56]

Longitudinal

PDA, PRISM

10, Outpatient, 41.0 (SD 13.7)

Daily, 2 weeks

NA

MADRSd, YMRS

NA

Pearson: MADRS: r = 0.841 (p = 0.018)

22 % (SD 14)

YMRS non-significant

Depp CA et al., USA, 2012 [58]

RCT

Self-monitoring using smartphone

18, Outpatient, 44.0 (SD 14), 90.9 %

Twice/ day in fixed time blocks, 12 weeks

Yes

MADRSd, YMRS

Yes

Pearson: Baseline: MADRS: r = −0.567 (p = 0.014)

57.9 % (SD 26.6)

YMRS non-significant

6 weeks: MADRS: r = −0.542 (p = 0.028)

YMRS: r = 0.520 (p = 0.032)

Faurholt-Jepsen M et al., Denmark, 2014 [59]

Longitudinal

Smartphone, MONARCA

17, Outpatient, 33.4 (SD 9.5), 82.4 %

Daily, 3 months

Yes

HDRS, YMRS

Yes

Linear mixed model coefficient: HRDS: β = −0.051 (p < 0.001)

NA

YMRS non-significant

Schärer LO et al., Germany, 2015 [64]

Longitudinal

Computer, PDA, smartphone, Personal Life-Chart app

54, Outpatient, 40.6

Daily, 18 months

Yes

IDS-Ce, YMRS

Yes

Spearman correlation coefficient: IDS-C: r = 0.60–0.62 (p-value not shown)

NA

YMRS: r = 0.17–0.39 (p-value not shown)

  1. aHamilton Depression Rating Scale
  2. bYoung Mania Rating Scale
  3. cBech-Rafaelsen Manic Rating Scale
  4. dMontgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale
  5. eThe Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, clinician-rated