Fig. 2

a. Forest plot showing effect sizes (Hedges’ g) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) from individual studies and pooled results of all included studies comparing total psychopathology between patients with schizophrenia receiving music therapy (MT) and those who did not receive music therapy (Ctr); b. Forest plot showing effect sizes (Hedges’ g) and 95 % CIs from individual studies and pooled results comparing total psychopathology between patients with schizophrenia receiving MT and the Ctr group by trial design, such as non-randomized control trials (non-RCT) and randomized control trials (RCT). *subscales in the report by Hayashi (2002): positive symptoms (p), negative symptoms (n), and general psychopathology (p). a The treatment effect was better in the MT group than in the Ctr group (p < .001). b The treatment effect was better in the MT group than in the Ctr group in both non-RCT and RCT subgroups (p = .021 and < .001, respectively). Abbreviation: MA: meta-analysis; CI: confidence interval; MT: music therapy; Ctr: control groups as schizophrenic patients without music therapy; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision; DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revision; ICD-10: international classification of disease, 10th edition; CCMD-2: Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, 2nd edition; CCMD-3: Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition; SADS: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; PANSS: positive and negative syndrome scales; BPRS: brief psychiatric rating scales; SANS: Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; RCT: Randomized Controlled Trials; non-RCT: non Randomized Controlled Trials