Fig. 3

Forest plot showing effect sizes (Hedges’ g) and 95 % confident intervals (CIs) from individual studies and pooled results comparing a. positive symptoms, b. negative symptoms, and c. mood symptoms between schizophrenic patients who received music therapy (MT) and those who did not (Ctr). a The treatment effect was better in the MT group compared to the Ctr group in subscales of positive symptoms (p = .017). b. The treatment effect was better in the MT group compared to the Ctr group in subscales of negative symptoms (p < .001). c. The treatment effect was better in the MT group compared to the Ctr group in subscales of mood symptoms (p < .001). Abbreviation: MA: meta-analysis; CI: confidence interval; MT: music therapy; Ctr: control groups as schizophrenic patients without music therapy; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision; DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revision; ICD-10: international classification of disease, 10th edition; CCMD-2: Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, 2nd edition; CCMD-3: Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition; SADS: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; PANSS: positive and negative syndrome scales; BPRS: brief psychiatric rating scales; SANS: Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; CDSS: depression scale for schizophrenia; SDS: Self-rating Depression Scales; HAM-D: Hamilton rating scale for depression