Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of The Maastricht Study participants

Age, years

58 ± 8.6

64 ± 7.0

< 0.001

Male sex, n (%)

296 (49 %)

176 (70 %)

< 0.001

Partner, n (%)

515 (85 %)

208 (85 %)

0.98

Educational level, % low/middle/high

12/39/49

28/47/25

<0.001

HbA1c, %

5.65 ± 0.37

6.91 ± 0.88

< 0.001

Diabetes duration, years

-

7 [3–11]

Diabetes medication, % no/oral/insulin

-

22/57/21

Smoking, % never/former/current

34/49/17

22/64/14

 Pack years

4 [0–18]

15 [0–33]

< 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

26.3 ± 4.0

29.8 ± 4.7

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

133 ± 18

146 ± 19

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

76 ± 10

78 ± 10

0.004

Total cholesterol, mmol/l

5.5 ± 1.1

4.4 ± 1.0

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol, mmol/l

1.40 ± 0.41

1.12 ± 0.40

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol, mmol/l

3.5 ± 1.0

2.6 ± 0.9

< 0.001

Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.3 ± 0.9

1.8 ± 1.0

< 0.001