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Table 1 Transdiagnostic online self-report instruments and the number of studies that report psychometric characteristics (between parentheses)

From: Validation of online psychometric instruments for common mental health disorders: a systematic review

Instrument

Purpose

N studies

Population / setting

Countries in which the studies were conducted

Internal consistency (alpha)

Test-retest reliability

Factor structure

Mean score difference with paper version

Convergent validity

Criterion validity (AUC)

Anxiety

          

BAI

Symptom severity

3

G1, P3

SE

.88–.89 (2)

 

4 factors (1)

None, lower (2)

  

Depression and anxiety

         

CIDI-SF

Diagnosis & screening

1

G1

SE

     

(1)

DASS

Symptom severity

1

G5

US

.93–.95 (1)

(1)

  

(1)

 

HADS

Screening & symptom severity

5

G1, G5, P5, P7

NZ, SE, UK

.76–.88 (5)

(1)

3 factors (2)

None (2)

(1)

 

SQ-48

Screening & symptom severity

1

G1, P1

NL

.84–.93 (1)

 

9 factors (1)

 

(1)

.75–.91 (1)

WB-DAT

Screening

1

P8

CA

     

(1)

WSQ

Screening

1

G1

NL

     

.65–.81 (1)

Depression and anxiety (postpartum)

         

PDM

Screening

1

G1

US

.84–.88 (1)

 

2 factors (1)

 

(1)

 
  1. G1: General population; G2: Adult females; G3: Adult males; G4: General teenage population; G5: Student population; G6: General young adult population; G7: Veteran population; P1: Patient population; P2: Adult psychiatric outpatients; P3: Adult social phobia patients; P4: Adult GP patients; P5: Hearing impaired clinical population; P6: Deaf population; P7: Adults with chronic fatigue syndrome; P8: Participants in studies of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; AU: Australia; CA: Canada; DK: Denmark; ES: Spain; NL: Netherlands; NO: Norway; NZ: New Zealand; SE: Sweden; TW: Taiwan; UK: United Kingdom; US: United States; AUC: Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve