Table 2 Online self-report instruments for depression and the number of studies that report psychometric characteristics (between parentheses)
Instrument | Purpose | N studies | Population / setting | Countries in which the studies were conducted | Internal consistency (alpha) | Test-retest reliability | Factor structure | Mean score difference with paper version | Convergent validity | Criterion validity (AUC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
BDI | Symptom severity | 2 | G1 | SE | .88 (1) | Â | 3 factors (1) | Higher (1) | Â | Â |
BDI-II | Symptom severity | 2 | G1 | SE | .87–.95 (2) |  |  | None, lower (2) |  |  |
CES-D | Screening & symptom severity | 6 | G1, G2, G4, G5 | NL, TW, US | .89–.93 (5) |  | 2–4 factors (2) | None (2) | (2) | .84–.90 (2) |
CES-D (7-item) | Symptom severity | 1 | G5 | ES | .82 (1) | Â | 1 factors (1) | None (1) | (1) | Â |
CES-D (10-item) | Symptom severity | 1 | G1 | US | .86 (1) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CUDOS | Screening & symptom severity | 1 | P2 | US | .93 (1) | Â | Â | None (1) | (1) | Â |
EDS | Screening | 1 | G1 | NL | .87 (1) | Â | Â | Â | (1) | Â |
HSCL-10 | Screening | 1 | G4 | DK + NO | .87 (1) |  |  |  |  | .79 (1) |
ISP-D | Screening | 2 | G1 | TW | Â | (1) | Â | Â | Â | (1) |
K-10 | Screening & symptom severity | 1 | G1 | NL | .90 (1) | Â | Â | Â | (1) | .81 (1) |
K&D mood scale | Symptom severity | 1 | G5 | US | .75–.79 (1) | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |
MADRS-S | Symptom severity | 6 | G1, P3 | SE | .73–.90 (5) |  | 3 factors (1) | None (4) |  |  |
MDI | Screening & symptoms severity | 1 | G4 | NL | .82 (1) | Â | Â | Â | (1) | .89 (1) |
MDRS-22 | Screening & symptom severity | 1 | G3 | AU | Â | Â | 6 factors (1) | Â | (1) | Â |
Moodscope | Symptom severity | 1 | P4 | UK | Â | Â | Â | Â | (1) | Â |
PDI MDD | Diagnosis & screening | 1 | P1 | US | Â | Â | Â | Â | (1) | (1) |
PHQ-9 BSL | Symptom severity | 1 | P6 | UK | .81 (1) | Â | 2 factors (1) | Â | (1) | Â |
Single item depr. scale | Screening & symptom severity | 1 | G1 | NL | Â | Â | Â | Â | (1) | .71 (1) |
USDI | Symptom severity | 1 | G5 | AU | .95 (1) | Â | 3 factors (1) | Â | (1) | Â |
ZDS | Symptom severity | 1 | G5 | UK | .89 (1) | Â | Â | Â | (1) | Â |
Postpartum depression | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
EPDS | Screening, symptom severity | 1 | G2 | unclear | .90 (1) | Â | 3 factors (1) | Â | (1) | Â |
PDSS | Screening & symptom severity | 1 | G2 | US | .97 (1) | Â | Â | Â | (1) | Â |